Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA):
| Haplogroup J2 |
| Time of origin |
18,500 +/- 3,500 thousand years ago[1]. |
| Place of origin |
Mesopotamia or Anatolia or Levant[2],[1][3][4] |
| Ancestor |
J |
| Defining mutations |
M172 |
| Typical members |
Iraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005), Lebanese 29.5%[5], Syrians 29%, Sephardic Jews 29%, Kurds 28.4%, Turks 27.9%, Georgians 26.7%, Iranians 23.3%, Ashkenazi Jews 23.2%, Armenians 21.3%[5]-24%[6], Greeks 14.6%-22.8%,Spaniards 20%, Uyghurs 19.5%[5], Italians 19.3% (Onofri et al. 2008), Tajiks 9%-31%[5] |
In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 (M172) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J. It is further divided into two complementary clades, J2a-M410 and J2b-M12[7].
[edit] Origins
Haplogroup J2 is widely believed to be associated with the spread of agriculture from Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Anatolia [2],[1]. The age of J2 has been estimated as 18,500 +/- 3,500 thousand years ago[1]. Its distribution, centered in West Asia and Southeastern Europe, its association with the presence of Neolithic archaeological artifacts, such as figurines and painted pottery [8], and its association with annual precipitation have been interpreted as evidence that J2, and in particular its J2a-M410 subclade belonged to the agricultural innovators who followed the rainfall[9]. However, Di Giacomo stressed the role of post-Neolithic migratory phenomenon, specifically that of the Greeks, as being even more important in the dispersal of Hg J2[10]
[edit] Distribution
subclades of J2 Haplogroup
Distribution of Haplogroup J2 in Europe and Mediterranean basin
Distribution of Cardial Pottery corresponds with that of Hg J2
Distribution of Greek colonies also corresponds with that of Hg J2
Haplogroup J2 is found mainly in the Fertile Crescent, the Mediterranean (including Southern Europe and North Africa), the Iranian plateau and Central Asia[1]. More specifically it is found in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, Greece, Italy and the eastern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula[11], and more frequently in Iraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005), Lebanese 29.7% (wells et al. 2001), Syrians 29%, Sephardic Jews 29%, Kurds 28.4%, Jordan 14.3%, Oman 15% (Di Giacomo et al. 2004) & 10% (Luis et al. 2004), UAE 10.4%, Yemen 9.7%[12], in in Israel[1], in Turkey [2], and in the southern Caucasus region [6]. According to Semino et al and the National Geographic Genographic Project, the frequency of haplogroup J2 generally declines as one moves away from the Northern fertile crescent. Haplogroup J2 is carried by 6% of Europeans and its frequency drops dramatically as one moves northward away from the Mediterranean.
Another important fact about the distribution of Haplogroup J2 is that it appears to have dispersed from a Middle Eastern homeland to the west through a primarily maritime or littoral route, as it is found in high concentrations among the populations of the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea in both Eurasia and Africa, and particularly along the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean in Europe. This distribution may be more consonant with a Neolithic or post-Neolithic maritime dispersal from the Middle East, such as through Greek colonization[10] or other Near Eastern commercial and colonial activities.
In Italy, J2 is found in about 19.3% of Italians [13]. Turkey is one of the countries with major J2 population. 24% of Turkish men are J2 according to a recent study[2], with regional frequencies ranging between 10% and 31%. Combined with J1, one third of the total population of Turkish people belongs to Haplogroup J. Haplogroup J2 is also common in neighboring Greece, with regional frequencies ranging between 11% and 46%.
It has been proposed that haplogroup J2a-M410 was linked to populations on ancient Crete by examining the relationship between Anatolian, Cretan, and Greek populations from around early Neolithic sites[14]. Haplogroup J2b-M12 was associated with Neolithic Greece (ca. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and was reported to be found in modern Crete (3.1%) and mainland Greece (Macedonia 7.0%, Thessaly 8.8%, Argolis 1.8%) [15].
Sephardic Jews have about 29% of haplogroup J2[1] and Ashkenazi Jews have 23%[1], or 19%[16]. It has been reported that a sample of Italian Cohens belong to Network 1.2, a group of Y chromosomes characterized by a value of the DYS413 marker less or equal to 18. This deletion has been placed in the J2a-M410 clade[7][15]. However, other Jewish Cohens belong to haplogroup J1 (see Cohen modal haplotype).
J2 subclades are also found in the South Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia.
Haplogroup J2 has been shown to have a more northern distribution in the Middle East, although it exists in significant amounts in the southern middle-east regions, a lesser amount of it was found when compared to its brother haplogroup, J1, which has a high frequency southerly distribution. This suggests that, if the occurrence of Haplogroup J among modern populations of Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia does reflect Neolithic demic diffusion from the Middle East, the source population is more likely to have originated from Anatolia, the Levant or northern Mesopotamia than from regions further south.
Haplogroup J2a-M410 in India is largely confined to the upper castes[7] with little occurrence in the middle and lower castes and is completely absent from south Indian tribes and middle and lower castes.
[edit] Subdivisions
Haplogroup J2 is subdivided into two complementary sub-haplogroups: J2a, defined by the M410 genetic marker, and J2b, defined by the M12 genetic marker. A subclade of haplogroup J2a, defined by the M92 marker has been implicated in the ancient Greek colonization [10].
The subclades of Haplogroup J2 with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree:
- J2 (M172)
- J2*
- J2a (M410)
- J2a*
- J2a1 (DYS413=18)
- J2a1*
- J2a1a (M47, M322)
- J2a1b (M67 (S51))
- J2a1b*
- J2a1b1 (M92, M260)
- J2a1b2 (M163, M166)
- J2a1c (M68)
- J2a1d (M137)
- J2a1e (M158)
- J2a1f (M289)
- J2a1g (M318)
- J2a1h (M319)
- J2a1i (M339)
- J2a1j (M419)
- J2a1k (DYS445=7)
- J2a2 (M340)
- J2b (M12, M314, M221)
- J2b*
- J2b1 (M102)
- J2b1*
- J2b1a (M241)
- J2b1a*
- J2b1a1 (M99)
- J2b1a2 (M280)
- J2b1a3 (M321)
- J2b1b (M205)
J2 (M-172) is divided into eight sub-Haplogroups defined by mutations M12/M102, M47, M67/M92, M68, M137, M158, M339, and M340 (see Diagram), four of which occur at informative frequencies[1]. The less-heterogeneous J2 (J-M172), which occurs as frequently as J1 (J-M267) in some Middle Eastern populations, is the more prevalent in Europe.
J-M102 illustrates population expansions from the southern Balkans. J-M67 is most frequent in the Caucasus (especially Armenia and Georgia), and J-M92, which indicates affinity between Anatolia and southern Italy. Whereas J-M67* and J-M92 show higher frequencies and variances in Europe and in Turkey. Likewise, J-M47 and J-M68 characterize very few Near Eastern and Asian samples[1].
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j O. Semino et al. (2004), Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area, American Journal of Human Genetics 74(5):1023-34.
- ^ a b c d C. Cinnioglu et al. (2004), Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Human Genetics 114(2):127-48.
- ^ http://www.j2-ydnaproject.net/analysisphase3.html
- ^ http://midatlantic.rootsweb.ancestry.com/familyhart/DNA/J2/J2.html
- ^ a b c d R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," PNAS (August 28, 2001), vol. 98, no. 18.
- ^ a b I. Nasidze et al. (2003), Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome, Human Genetics 112(3):255-61.
- ^ a b c Sanghamitra Sengupta et al. (2006), Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists, American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221
- ^ R. King and P.A. Underhill (2002), Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages, Antiquity 76:704-714
- ^ J. Chiaroni et al. (2008), Correlation of annual precipitation with human Y-chromosome diversity and the emergence of Neolithic agricultural and pastoral economies in the Fertile Crescent, Antiquity Volume: 82 Number: 316 Page: 281–289
- ^ a b c F. Di Giacomo et al. (2004), Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe, Human Genetics 115(5):357-71.
- ^ F. Di Giacomo et al. (2003), Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28(3):387-95.
- ^ Cadenas et al. (2008), Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman, European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 374–386
- ^ "212/1096", V. Onofri et al. (2008), Y chromosome J2 subtyping in an Italian sample: Population and forensic implications, Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement
- ^ Wikipedia article: Archaeogenetics of the Near East#Crete
- ^ a b King, R. J.; Ozcan, S. S., Carter, T., Kalfoglu, E., Atasoy, S., Triantaphyllidis, C., Kouvatsi, A., Lin, A. A., Chow, C-E. T., Zhivotovsky, L. A., Michalodimitrakis, M., Underhill, P. A., (2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics 72 Issue 2 March 2008: 205–214. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x.
- ^ D. Behar et al. (2004), Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations, Hum Genet. 2004 Mar;114(4):354-65
[edit] Bibliography
[edit] External links
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