Haplogroup H (Y-DNA) Information & Haplogroup H (Y-DNA) Links at HealthHaven.com

	Haplogroup H
Time of origin	20,000-45,000 years BP
Place of origin	South Asia or Southwest Asia
Ancestor	F
Defining mutations	M69
Highest frequencies	Roma people & population of the Indian Subcontinent

In human genetics, Haplogroup H (M69) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in Indian Subcontinent. It is generally rare outside of the Indian subcontinent but is common among the Roma people, particularly the H-M82 subgroup.

[edit] Origins

It is a branch of Haplogroup F, and is believed to have arisen in India between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago. Its probable site of introduction is India since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-haplogroup of the indigenous paleolithic inhabitants of India, because it is the most frequent Y-haplogroup of tribal populations (25-35%). On the other hand, its presence in upper castes is quite rare (ca. 10%).^[1] ^[2] ^[3]

[edit] Distribution

[edit] Indian subcontinent

Haplogroup H is frequently found among populations of India (approximately 27%^[4]), Sri Lanka (approx. 25%^[4]), Nepal (approx. 12% in Kathmandu and 6% in Newars^[5]), and Pakistan (haplogroup H1-M52 in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun, 2.5% other Pakistani)^[6].

[edit] Roma people

Haplogroup H1a-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Balkanic Romani population, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.^[7] A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Romani populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania (Gresham et al. 2001). Its ancestral M52 A C transversion was reported in the Vlax Roma (Kalaydjieva et al. 2001) and India (Ramana et al. 2001; Wells et al. 2001; Kivisild et al. 2003). High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H1 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).

[edit] Middle East

Haplogroup H has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent & the Roma populations, including approximately 6% (1 out of 17 individuals) H1-M52 in a sample of Kurds from Turkmenistan,^[8] 4% (2/53) H1-M52 in a sample of Iranians from Samarkand,^[8] 2% (1/56) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara,^[8] 3% (2/70) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Khorezm,^[8] 2% (1/63) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley,^[8] 4% (2/45) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Samarkand,^[8] 12.5% (2/16) H1-M52 in a sample of Tajiks from Dushanbe,^[8] 2% (1/41) H1-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs from Kazakhstan,^[8] 2% (1/50) H-M69 in a sample of Ukrainians,^[9] 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syrians,^[9] and 0.9% (1/113) H1a-M82 in a sample of Serbians.^[7] The subclade H1a-M82 has also been found in 2.56% (3/117) of a sample of southern Iran.^[10] Some instances of haplogroup H have also been found among populations of the east coast of the Arabian Peninsula, including 2.4% (4/164) haplogroup H*(xH1-M52) and 1.8% (3/164) haplogroup H1a-M82 in the United Arab Emirates,^[11] 1.4% (1/72) H1a-M82 in Qatar,^[11] and approximately 2% H-M69 in Oman.^[12] Haplogroup H-M69(xH1-M52) has been found in approximately 2% of Tibetans.^[5] The rare subclade H2-Apt has been found in 1/77 = 1.3% of a sample of Greeks.^[6]

[edit] Subclades

[edit] Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree^[13] and subsequent published research.

H
- H* (M69, M370)
  - H1 (M52)
    - H1a (M82)
      - H1a1 (M36, M197)
      - H1a2 (M97)
      - H1a3 (M39, M138)
  - H2 (Apt)
    - H2a (P80, P314)
    - H2b (P266)