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Haplogroup E1b1b (E-M215)



Descendants E1b1b1
Defining mutations M215

In human genetics, Y Haplogroup E1b1b (E-M215) previously known as E3b is a Y-chromosome haplogroup, a sub-group of haplogroup E, which is defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation M215.[4][5][6] It is one of the major genetically distinguished paternal lines of the human race, linking from father-to-son back to a common male ancestor. E1b1b is distributed as far south as South Africa, and northwards into North Africa, from where it has in more recent millennia expanded to Europe and Asia.[2]

E1b1b1 is the predominant subclade of E1b1b, representing almost exactly the same population. M215 was found to be older than M35 when individuals were found who have the M215 mutation, but do not have M35 mutation.[2] The E1b1b clade is presently found in various forms in the Horn of Africa, North Africa, parts of Eastern, Western, and Southern Africa, West Asia, and Europe (especially the Mediterranean and the Balkans)[2][3][7][8].

E1b1b and E1b1b1 are quite common amongst Afro-Asiatic speakers. The linguistic group and E1b1b1 may have dispersed together from the region of origin of this language family.[9][10][11] Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of Jewish male lineages are E1b1b1 (E-M35).[12] The same study found E1b1b, at 22.8% of Ashkenazi and 30% of Sephardim Y-chromosomal frequencies, to be one of the major founding lineages in Jewish male lineages.[13][Note 1]

Contents

[edit] Current and previous names

E1b1b and E1b1b1 are the currently accepted names found in the proposals of the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC).[5] The nomenclature E3b (E-M215) and E3b1 (E-M35) respectively were the YCC defined names used to designate the same haplogroups in older literature with E-M35 branching as a separate subclade of E-M215 in 2004.[2][6] Prior to 2002 these haplogroups were not designated in a consistent way, and nor was their relationship to other related clades within haplogroup E and haplogroup DE.[6]

[edit] Origins

E1b1b1 origins map

E1b1b (E-M215) and its dominant sub-clade E1b1b1 (E-M35) are believed to have first appeared in East Africa about 22,400 years ago.[1][Note 2][Note 3][Note 4][Note 5]

The ancient dispersals of the major E1b1b1 (E-M35) lineages. The map shows the earliest movements of E1b1b lineages as described in the most recent articles[2][1][14][15].

All major sub-branches of E1b1b1 are thought to have originated in the same general area as the parent clade: in North Africa, East Africa, or nearby areas of the Near East. Underhill (2002) believes that the structure and regional pattern of E-M35 sub-clades potentially give "reagents with which to infer specific episodes of population histories associated with the Neolithic agricultural expansion". Concerning European E-M35 within this scheme, Underhill and Kivisild (2007) have remarked that E1b1b seems to represent a late-Pleistocene migration from North Africa to Europe over the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.[Note 6]

Concerning E1b1b, Coffman-Levy (2005) wrote that although E1b1b "arose in East Africa, approximately 25000 years ago, certain sub-clades appear to have been present in Europe and Asia for thousands of years" and so it is "often incorrectly described as 'African'" in a sense that creates a "misimpression regarding the origin and complex history of this haplogroup", which has pervaded the public and media.[Note 7]

[edit] Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree [5] and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG.[4]

  • E1b1b (M215)
    • E1b1b1 (M35)
      • E1b1b1a (M78)
        • E1b1b1a1 (V12)
          • E1b1b1a1a (M224)
          • E1b1b1a1b (V32)
        • E1b1b1a2 (V13, V36)
          • E1b1b1a2a (V27)
          • E1b1b1a2b (P65)
          • E1b1b1a2c (L17)
        • E1b1b1a3 (V22)
          • E1b1b1a3a (M148)
          • E1b1b1a3b (V19)
        • E1b1b1a4 (V65)
        • E1b1b1a5 (M521)
      • E1b1b1b (M81)
        • E1b1b1b1 (M107)
        • E1b1b1b2 (M183, M310, L19)
          • E1b1b1b2a (M165)
      • E1b1b1c (M123)
        • E1b1b1c1 (M34)
          • E1b1b1c1a (M84)
            • E1b1b1c1a1 (M136)
          • E1b1b1c1b (M290)
      • E1b1b1d (M281)
      • E1b1b1e (V6)
      • E1b1b1f (P72)
      • E1b1b1g (M293)

[edit] See also

Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups (by ethnic groups · famous haplotypes)
most recent common Y-ancestor
|
A BT
|
B CT
|
CF DE
| |
C F D E
|
G H IJK
|
IJ K
| |
I J L M NOP S T
|
NO P
| |
N O Q R

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ "Paragroup EM35* and haplogroup J-12f2a* fit the criteria for major AJ founding lineages because they are widespread both in AJ populations and in Near Eastern populations, and occur at much lower frequencies in European non-Jewish populations." Semino et al. (2008)
  2. ^ For E1b1b (M-215) Cruciani et al. (2007) reduced their estimate to 22,400 from 25,600 in Cruciani et al. (2004), re-calibrating the same data.
  3. ^ As explained above, the modern population of E-M215 and E-M35 lineages are almost identical, and therefore by definition age estimates based on these two populations are also.
  4. ^ Semino et al. (2004)"This inference is further supported by the presence of additional Hg E lineal diversification and by the highest frequency of E-P2* and E-M35* in the same region. The distribution of E-P2* appears limited to eastern African peoples. The E-M35* lineage shows its highest frequency (19.2%) in the Ethiopian Oromo but with a wider distribution range than E-P2*."
  5. ^ Cruciani et al. (2004): "Several observations point to eastern Africa as the homeland for haplogroup E3b—that is, it had (1) the highest number of different E3b clades (table 1), (2) a high frequency of this haplogroup and a high microsatellite diversity, and, finally, (3) the exclusive presence of the undifferentiated E3b* paragroup." As mentioned above, "E3b" is the old name for E1b1b (E-M215).
  6. ^ "Y chromosome data show a signal for a separate late-Pleistocene migration from Africa to Europe via Sinai as evidenced through the distribution of haplogroup E3b lineages, which is not manifested in mtDNA haplogroup distributions."Underhill and Kivisild (2007:547)
  7. ^ Coffman-Levy (2005): "Unfortunately, misinformation about these haplogroups continues to pervade the public and media. Haplogroup E3b is often incorrectly described as “African,” leaving a misimpression regarding the origin and complex history of this haplogroup. Haplogroup J2, as previously discussed, is often incorrectly equated with J1 and described as “Jewish” or “Semitic,” despite the fact that it is present in a variety of non-Jewish Mediterranean and Northern European populations. And haplogroup G is rarely discussed in depth; its origin and distribution remain poorly understood."
  1. ^ a b c Cruciani et al. (2007)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Cruciani et al. (2004)
  3. ^ a b Semino et al. (2004)
  4. ^ a b ISOGG (2008)
  5. ^ a b c Karafet et al. (2008)
  6. ^ a b c Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)
  7. ^ Rosser et al. (2000)
  8. ^ Firasat et al. (2006)
  9. ^ Ehret et al. (2004)
  10. ^ Keita and Boyce (2005)
  11. ^ Keita Shomarka (2008)
  12. ^ Behar et al. (2003)
  13. ^ Nebel et al. (2001)
  14. ^ Henn et al. (2008)
  15. ^ Hassan et al. (2008)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1b_(Y-DNA)"



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