Hanno the Navigator (also known as Hanno II of Carthage) was a Carthaginian explorer c. 500 BC, best known for his naval exploration of the African coast.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Expedition 3 Periplus account 4 Dating the voyage 5 Modern analysis of the route 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 Sources 9 See also 10 External links

[edit] Etymology

This Hanno is called the Navigator to distinguish him from a number of other Carthaginians with this name, including the perhaps more prominent, though later, Hanno the Great. See Hanno for others of this name. The name Hanno (Annôn) means "merciful" or "mild" in Punic - similar to the Arabic name "Hanan" (حنان) with the same meaning, the Hebrew name "Hanan" (חנן), still used in present-day Israel, and to the Syriac Hanna, ("حنا") still used in the Levant today.

[edit] Expedition

As Warmington states ^[1] Carthage dispatched Hanno at the head of a fleet of sixty ships to explore and colonize the north western coast of Africa. He sailed through the straits of Gibraltar, founded or repopulated seven colonies along the African coast of Morocco, and explored significantly further along the Atlantic coast of the continent. Hogan cites the visit of Hanno to Mogador, where the Phoenicians established an important dye manufacturing plant using a marine gastropod found in the local Atlantic Ocean waters.^[2] Hanno encountered various indigenous peoples on his journey and met with a variety of welcomes.

At the terminus of Hanno's voyage the explorer found an island heavily populated with what were described as hirsute and savage people. Attempts to capture the males failed, but three of the females were taken. These were so vicious they were killed, and their skins preserved for transport home to Carthage. The interpreters called them gorillae, and when European explorers first encountered gorillas in the 19th century, the apes were given this name on the assumption that they were the "people" Hanno described.

[edit] Periplus account

The primary source for the account of Hanno's expedition is a Greek translation, titled Periplus, of a tablet Hanno is reported to have hung up on his return to Carthage in the temple of Ba'al Hammon whom Greek writers identified with Kronos. The full title translated from Greek is The Voyage of Hanno, commander of the Carthaginians, round the parts of Libya beyond the Pillars of Heracles, which he deposited in the Temple of Kronos. This was known to Pliny the Elder and Arrian, who mentions it at the end of his Anabasis of Alexander VIII (Indica):

Moreover, Hanno the Libyan started out from Carthage and passed the Pillars of Heracles and sailed into the outer Ocean, with Libya on his port side, and he sailed on towards the east, five-and-thirty days all told. But when at last he turned southward, he fell in with every sort of difficulty, want of water, blazing heat, and fiery streams running into the sea.

This account's factual dependability has been both questioned and defended (see link). Both Harden ^[3] and Warmington ^[4] quote this account in English translation. Warminton ^[5] suggests that difficulties in reconciling the account's specific details with present geographical understanding are consistent with classical reports of Carthaginian determination to maintain sole control of trade into the Atlantic.

This report was the object of criticism by some ancient writers, including the Pliny the Elder, and in modern times a whole literature of scholarship has grown up around it. The account is incoherent and at times certainly incorrect, and attempts to identify the various places mentioned on the basis of the sailing directions and distances almost all fail. Some scholars resort to textual emendations, justified in some cases; but it is probable that what we have before us is a report deliberately edited so that the places could not be identified by the competitors of Carthage. From everything we know about Carthaginian practice, the resolute determination to keep all knowledge of and access to the western markets from the Greeks, it is incredible that they would have allowed the publication of an accurate description of the voyage for all to read. What we have is an official version of the real report made by Hanno which conceals or falsifies vital information while at the same time gratifying the pride of the Carthaginians in their achievements. The very purpose of the voyage, the consolidation of the route to the gold market, is not even mentioned.

[edit] Dating the voyage

The voyage of Hanno is ascribed to various dates; current thinking is that it was sometime during the fifth century BCE.^[6]

[edit] Modern analysis of the route

A number of modern scholars have commented upon Hanno's voyage. In many cases the analysis has been to refine information and interpretation of the original account. William Smith points out that the complement of personnel totalled 30,000, and that the core mission included the intent to found Carthaginian (or in the older parlance Libyophoenician) towns.^[7]

Harden states there is general consensus that the expedition reached at least as far as Senegal.^[8] There seems some agreement that he could have reached Gambia. However, Harden mentions lack of agreement as to precisely where to locate the furthest limit of Hanno's explorations: Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Gabon. He notes the description of Mount Cameroon, a 4,075-metre (13,370 ft) volcano, more closely matches Hanno's description than Guinea's 890-metre (2,900 ft) Mount Kakulima. Warmington prefers Mount Kakulima, considering Mount Cameroon too distant.^[9]

[edit] In popular culture

Folk rock musician Al Stewart recounts the travels of Hanno the Navigator in his song of the same name.

[edit] References

[edit] Sources

• Donald Harden, The Phoenicians, (Penguin, Harmondsworth) 1971 (1962)
• Herodotus, transl. Aubrey de Selincourt, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1968 (1954)
• B. H. Warmington, Carthage, (Penguin, Harmondsworth) 1964 (1960)

[edit] See also

• Himilco the Navigator

[edit] External links

Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Periplus

• "Hanno's Periplus on the Web:" a directory of further links.
• Livio Catullo Stecchini, "The voyage of Hanno" carefully analyzed by a classical scholar.
• Periplus in English.
• Hanno's Voyage from Canaanite.org
• Hanno, a Carthaginian navigator from Charles Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1867)
• Annotated commentary on Hanno's Periplus by Jona Lendering.
• Scan of original Greek manuscript on "Hanno Carthagiensis"

v • d • e Notable Carthaginians Ad Herbal · Carthalo · Dido · Hamilcar (Drepanum) · Hamilcar Barca · Hannibal Barca · Hannibal Gisco · Hannibal Monomachus · Hannibal the Rhodian · Hanno the Elder · Hanno the Great · Hanno the Navigator · Hanno, son of Bomilcar · Hasdrubal Barca · Hasdrubal Gisco · Hasdrubal the Fair · Hasdrubal, commander of the service corps · Himilco the Navigator · Mago (agricultural writer) · Mago Barca · Maharbal · Sophonisba