Period	Group 3
4	21 Sc
5	39 Y
	Group 3/ungrouped
	*
	**
6	*Lanthanides 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu
7	**Actinides 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr

The Group 3 elements are chemical elements comprising the third vertical column of the periodic table.

IUPAC has not recommended a specific format for the periodic table, so different conventions are permitted and are often used for group 3. The following d-block transition metals are always considered members of group 3:

• scandium (Sc)
• yttrium (Y)

When defining the remainder of group 3, four different conventions may be encountered:

• Some tables ^[1] include lanthanum (La) and actinium (Ac), (the beginnings of the lanthanide and actinide series of elements, respectively) as the remaining members of group 3. In their most commonly encountered tripositive ion forms, these elements do not possess any partially filled f orbitals, thus resulting in more d-block-like behavior.

• Some tables ^[2] include lutetium (Lu) and lawrencium (Lr) as the remaining members of group 3. These elements terminate the lanthanide and actinide series, respectively. Since the f-shell is nominally full in the ground state electron configuration for both of these metals, they behave most like d-block metals out of all the lanthanides and actinides, and thus exhibit the most similarities in properties with Sc and Y. For Lr, this behavior is expected, but it has not been observed because sufficient quantities are not available. (Also see Periodic table (wide) and Periodic table (extended).)

Some tables ^[3] refer to all lanthanides and actinides by a marker in group 3. A third and fourth alternative are suggested by this arrangement:

• The third alternative is to regard all 30 lanthanide and actinide elements as included in group 3. Lanthanides, as electropositive trivalent metals, all have a closely related chemistry, and all show many similarities to Sc and Y.

• The fourth alternative is to include none of the lanthanides and actinides in group 3. The lanthanides possess additional properties characteristic of their partially-filled f orbitals which are not common to Sc and Y. Furthermore, the actinides show a much wider variety of chemistry (for instance, in range of oxidation states) within their series than the lanthanides, and comparisons to Sc and Y are even less useful.

The term rare earth elements is often used for group 3 elements including the lanthanides but excluding the actinides.

Contents 1 Occurrence 2 Biological chemistry 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links

[edit] Occurrence

Scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides (except promethium) tend to occur together in the Earth's crust, and are relatively abundant compared with most d-block metals, but often harder to extract from their ores.

[edit] Biological chemistry

Group 3 elements are generally hard metals with low aqueous solubility, and have low availability to the biosphere. No group 3 has any documented biological role in living organisms. The radioactivity of the actinides generally makes them highly toxic to living cells.

[edit] Notes

Explanation of above periodic table slice:

Transition metals

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

Atomic numbers in black indicate solids

Solid borders indicate primordial elements (older than the Earth)

Dashed borders indicate natural radioactive elements

Dotted borders indicate synthetic elements

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• http://periodic.lanl.gov
• http://www.webelements.com
• http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table/index.html

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