"Hunt in the Mountains of Heaven," a painting by King Gongmin.

King Gongmin (1330 – 1374) ruled Goryeo Dynasty Korea from 1351 until 1374.

He was the second son of King Chungsuk. In addition to his various Korean names (see right), he bore the Mongolian name Bayàn Temür (伯顔帖木兒).

[edit] Background

Goryeo had been a dependency of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty since Mongol invasion of Korea. Starting with King Chungnyeol, prospective rulers of Korea married Mongol princesses and were customarily sent to the Yuan Court, in effect, as hostages. As per this custom, King Gongmin spent many years in the Yuan court, being sent there in 1341, before ascending the Korean throne. He married the Mongol princess Queen Noguk (노국대장공주, 魯國大長公主). But in the mid-14th century Yuan was beginning to crumble, soon to be replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368.

[edit] Personal and political life

With the disintegration of Yuan, which had dominated the Korean peninsula since the Mongol invasions of Korea of 1238, Gongmin began efforts to reform Goryeo government. His first act was to remove all pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officers from their positions. These deposed people formed a dissident faction which plotted an unsuccessful coup against the king. High official Jo Il-sin even tried to take over the government, but this rebellion was put down by general Choe Yeong.

During their invasions, between the 1250s and the 1270s, Mongols had annexed northern provinces of Korea and incorporated them into their empire as Ssangseong (쌍성총관부, 雙城摠管府) and Dongnyeong (동녕부, 東寧府). In 1356, Goryeo army retook these provinces partly thanks to defection from Yi Ja-chun, a minor Korean official in service of Mongols in Ssangseong, and his son Yi Seonggye. In addition, Generals Yi Seonggye and Ji Yongsu led a campaign into Liaoyang.

A second internal problem was the question of land holdings. The land-grant system had broken down, and Mongol-favoured officials, along with a handful of landed gentry, owned the vast majority of agricultural land, which was worked by tenant farmers and bondsmen. However, King Gongmin's attempt at land reform was met with opposition and subterfuge from those officials who were supposed to implement his reforms, as they were landowners themselves.

The third problem was that the Wokou who had been troubling the peninsula for some time were no longer hit-and-run bandits, but had become well-organised military marauders raiding deep into the country. Generals Choe Yeong and Yi Seonggye were called upon by Gongmin to combat them.

The fourth problem were the Red Turban troops, which invaded Goryeo two times in the years(1359 and 1361). In 1361, the Red Turban troops occupied Kaesong for a short period, but escaped with bare life by general Choe Yeong, Yi Seonggye, Jeong Seun, Yi Bang-sil.

It was during the reign of Gongmin that a Goryeo diplomat stationed in China named Mun Ik-jeom managed to smuggle cotton seeds back into Goryeo, introducing them to the Korean peninsula for the first time.

Although the relationship between Queen Noguk and the king were very close, they failed to conceive an heir for many years. Despite suggestions of receiving a second wife, the king ignored these requests. Queen Noguk became pregnant in 1365 but died during the child birth which led to the King's depression and mental instability. He became indifferent to politics and entrusted a great task to monk Shin Don (신돈, 辛旽). However, after six years, Shin Don lost his position.

Goryeo's entrenched bureaucracy never forgave King Gongmin for his reform efforts. They interpreted his policy of cutting all ties with the Yuan and establishing relations with Ming China as a direct threat to their status and feared that further attempts at reform might yet be made. Kaesong's deposed pro-Mongol faction battled to protect its position and hoped to renew ties with the Mongols who had helped them gain and hold their wealth in the first place.

After death of Queen Noguk, King indulged pederastic affairs. He appointed at least five youths to serve as "little brother attendants" (Jajewi). Of the ones that are known, their names were Hong Ryun, Han An, Gwon Jin, Hong Gwan, and No Son. Same sex relations in the Goreyo dynasty were known by the euphemism of yongyang-chi-chong, "the dragon and the sun," both symbols of male energy.^[1][2]

In 1374, he was killed by his young men, Choe Man-saeng (최만생) and some young men he was recently having relations with. One of the young men, Hong Ryun (홍륜) had relations with one of Gongmin's concubines, which led to Gongmin's anger. So before Gongmin could kill him, Hong Ryun and Choe Man-saeng killed Gongmin in his sleep.

After his death, a high official Yi In-im was assume the helm of government. and Yi enthrone the eleven-year-old King U.

Although he did not receive a temple name of an emperor, because the political situation of the time following his death did not recognize him as such, he proclaimed himself an emperor as a part of reformations he undertook in order to reinstate Goryeo's position as an independent nation.^{[citation needed]}

The Korean TV drama Shin Don features a depiction of King Gongmin.

[edit] As An Artist

King Gongmin was well known for his artistic skills and are referred to as one of the best artists of the Goryeo period. He was also well-known for his calligraphy works. Example of his works are 《천산대렵도(天山大獵圖)》, 《노국대장공주진(眞)》, 《석가출산상(釋迦出山像)》, 《아방궁도(阿房宮圖)》,《현릉산수도(玄陵山水圖)》, 《동자보현육아백상도(童子普賢六牙白象圖)》.

[edit] References

1. ^ Homosexuality in ancient and modern Korea YOUNG-GWAN KIM, & SOOK-JA HAHN in Culture, Health & Sexuality, January–February 2006; 8(1): 59–65[1]
2. ^ Pacific Homosexualities By Stephen O. Murray; p.54

[edit] See also

• List of Korea-related topics
• History of Korea
• List of Korean monarchs
• Tomb of King Kongmin