Franz Oppenheimer

Birth	March 30, 1864(1864-03-30)
Death	September 30, 1943 (aged 79)
Nationality	German Empire
Field	Social economy
Alma mater	University of Kiel
Influences	David Ricardo
Influenced	Ludwig Erhard, Albert Jay Nock, Murray Rothbard, Frank Chodorov

Franz Oppenheimer (born 30 March 1864 in Berlin; died 30 September 1943 in Los Angeles) was a German-Jewish sociologist and political economist, who published also in the area of the fundamental sociology of the state.

[edit] Personal life

After studying medicine in Freiburg and Berlin, Oppenheimer practiced as a physician in Berlin from 1886 to 1895. From 1890 onwards, he began to concern himself with sociopolitical questions and social economics. After his activity as a physician, he was editor-in-chief of the magazine Welt am Morgen, where he became acquainted with Friedrich Naumann, who was, at the time, working door-to-door for different daily papers.

In 1909, Oppenheimer earned a Ph. D. in Kiel with a thesis about economist David Ricardo. From 1909 to 1917, Oppenheimer was Privatdozent in Berlin, then for two years Titularprofessor. In 1914 he was one of co-founders of German Committee for Freeing of Russian Jews. In 1919, he accepted a call to serve as Chair for Sociology and Theoretical Political Economy at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt/Main. This was the first chair dedicated to Sociology in Germany.

From 1934 to 1935, Oppenheimer taught in Palestine. In 1936 he was appointed an honorary member of the American Sociological Association. In 1938, fleeing Nazi persecution, he emigrated via Tokyo and Shanghai to Los Angeles in the United States. In 1941 he became a founding member of the The American Journal of Economics and Sociology.

[edit] Ideas

Ludwig Erhard studied economics with Franz Oppenheimer and was strongly influenced by Oppenheimer's ideas of "liberal socialist" economic policy that attempted to steer a middle path between socialism and liberalism^{[citation needed]}. Albert Jay Nock, although a libertarian and minarchist, as well as vocal critic of socialism, was deeply influenced by Oppenheimer's analysis of the fundamental nature of the state.

[edit] Origins of the State

Unlike Locke and others, Oppenheimer rejected the idea of the "social contract" and contributed to the "conquest theory" of the State:

"The State, completely in its genesis, essentially and almost completely during the first stages of its existence, is a social institution, forced by a victorious group of men on a defeated group, with the sole purpose of regulating the dominion of the victorious group over the vanquished, and securing itself against revolt from within and attacks from abroad. Teleologically, this dominion had no other purpose than the economic exploitation of the vanquished by the victors."

"No primitive state known to history originated in any other manner. [1] Wherever a reliable tradition reports otherwise, either it concerns the amalgamation of two fully developed primitive states into one body of more complete organisation, or else it is an adaptation to men of the fable of the sheep which made a bear their king in order to be protected against the wolf. But even in this latter case, the form and content of the State became precisely the same as in those states where nothing intervened, and which became immediately 'wolf states'." (p. 15)

[edit] The economic and the political means

Stamp Franz Oppenheimer, series Important Germans

Oppenheimer also contributed a vital distinction by which human beings obtain their needs:

"There are two fundamentally opposed means whereby man, requiring sustenance, is impelled to obtain the necessary means for satisfying his desires. These are work and robbery, one's own labor and the forcible appropriation of the labor of others. Robbery! Forcible appropriation! These words convey to us ideas of crime and the penitentiary, since we are the contemporaries of a developed civilization, specifically based on the inviolability of property. And this tang is not lost when we are convinced that land and sea robbery is the primitive relation of life, just as the warrior's trade - which also for a long time is only organized mass robbery - constitutes the most respected of occupations. Both because of this, and also on account of the need of having, in the further development of this study, terse, clear, sharply opposing terms for these very important contrasts, I propose i. the following discussion to call one's own labor and the equivalent exchange of one's own labor for the labor of others, the “economic means" for the satisfaction of needs, while the unrequited appropriation of the labor of others will be called the "political means." (pp. 24-25)

Albert Jay Nock introduced these concepts to American readers in his own book "Our Enemy the State." His market and political ideas, especially about economic and political means, influenced Murray Rothbard's thesis through Nock and Frank Chodorov.^[1]

Oppenheimer's market socialist ideas are in line with other authors such as Thomas Hodgskin, Benjamin Tucker or Kevin Carson.^[2]

[edit] Writings

Franz Oppenheimer created an extensive oeuvre consisting of approximately 40 books and 400 essays which contain writings on sociology, economics, and the political questions of his time. One of the most renowned was Der Staat (The State).

[edit] See also

• Social market economy
• Political sociology
• Economic sociology
• Political economy
• Marxian Economics

[edit] Notes

[edit] External links

[edit] Works

• A First Program for Zionist Colonization. (1903)
• The State. (1914/1922)
• The Idolatry of the State. (1927)
• History and Sociology. (1927)
• TENDENCIES IN RECENT GERMAN SOCIOLOGY (Sociological Review, Vol. 24, 1932)
• A Post-Mortem on Cambridge Economics. (1943)

[edit] Other

• Directory of Oppenheimer related links
• History of the Institute of Social Research
• Book Burning - ushmm.org