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Fort Hood shooting

Location of the main cantonment of Fort Hood in Bell County, Texas
Location Fort Hood, Texas,
United States
Date November 5, 2009
ca. 1:34 p.m. (CST)
Attack type Mass shooting, mass murder
Death(s) 13[1]
Injured 30[1]
Suspected perpetrator Major Nidal Malik Hasan

The Fort Hood shooting was a mass shooting that took place on November 5, 2009, at Fort Hood — the most populous United States military base in the world, located just outside Killeen, Texas — killing 13 people and wounding 30 others.[2]

The accused perpetrator is Nidal Malik Hasan, a U.S. Army major serving as a psychiatrist. He was shot at by civilian police officers,[3] and is paralyzed from the waist down.[4] Hasan has been charged with 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted murder under the Uniform Code of Military Justice; he may face additional charges at court-martial.[5][6]

Hasan is an American-born Muslim of Palestinian descent, who had on a number of occasions expressed radical beliefs, and had communicated by e-mail with Anwar al-Awlaki, but FBI terrorism task forces had determined him not to be a threat prior to the shooting.

Contents

[edit] Shootings

Map of Fort Hood with red dot marking the Soldier Readiness Processing Center
An FN Five-seven similar to that which the attacker used.[7]

At approximately 1:34 p.m. CST Hasan entered his workplace, the Soldier Readiness Center, where personnel receive routine medical treatment immediately prior to and on return from deployment. According to eyewitnesses, he took a seat at an empty table, bowed his head for several seconds,[8] and then stood up and opened fire. Initially, Hasan reportedly jumped onto a desk and shouted: "Allahu Akbar!",[9][10] before firing more than 100 rounds[11] at soldiers processing through cubicles in the center, and on a crowd gathered for a college graduation ceremony scheduled for 2 p.m. in a nearby theater.[12] Witnesses reported that Hasan appeared to focus on soldiers in uniform.[13] He had two handguns: an FN Five-seven semi-automatic pistol, which he had purchased at a civilian gun store,[14] and a .357 Magnum revolver which he may not have fired.[7] A medic who treated Hasan said his combat fatigues pockets were full of pistol magazines.[15]

Unarmed army reserve Captain John Gaffaney attempted to stop Hasan, either by charging the shooter or throwing a chair at him, but was mortally wounded in the process.[16] Base civilian police Sergeant Kimberly Munley, who had arrived on the scene in response to the report of an emergency at the center, encountered Hasan exiting the building in pursuit of a wounded soldier. Hasan shot Munley, while witnesses claim Munley also fired at Hasan. Munley was hit three times: twice through her left leg and once in her right wrist, knocking her to the ground.[17] In the meantime, civilian police officer Sergeant Mark Todd arrived and fired at Hasan. Todd said: "He was firing at people as they were trying to run and hide. Then he turned and fired a couple of rounds at me. I didn't hear him say a word, he just turned and fired."[18] Hasan was felled by shots from Todd,[3][19] who then kicked a pistol out of Hasan's hand, and placed him in handcuffs as he fell unconscious.[20]

The incident, which lasted about 10 minutes,[21] resulted in thirty people wounded, and thirteen killed — 12 soldiers and one civilian; 11 died at the scene, and two died later in hospital.[22][23]

Initially, three soldiers were believed to have been involved in the shooting; two other soldiers were detained, but subsequently released. The Fort Hood website posted a notice indicating that the shooting was not a drill. Immediately after the shooting, the base and surrounding areas were locked down by military police and SWAT teams until around 7 p.m. local time.[24] In addition, Texas Rangers,[25] FBI agents from Austin and Waco were dispatched.[26] U.S. President Barack Obama was briefed on the incident and later made a statement about the shooting.[1]

[edit] Casualties

A victim of the shooting is transported on a table to a waiting ambulance

The 43 casualties of the shooting comprised 12 soldiers, one of whom was pregnant, and a single Army civilian employee; 30 others with gunshot wounds were hospitalized.[1][2] Hasan, the alleged gunman, was taken to Brooke Army Medical Center in Fort Sam Houston, Texas, where he is being held under heavy guard.[4] He was hit by at least four shots,[27] and is said to be paraplegic.[4]

Ten of the injured were treated at Scott & White Memorial Hospital, a Level 1 trauma center in Temple, Texas.[28] Seven more wounded victims were taken to Metroplex Adventist Hospital in Killeen.[28] Eight others received hospital treatment for shock.[2] Of those wounded at least 17 were service-members, and at least seven were civilians.[29] On November 20 it was announced that eight of the wounded service-members will still deploy overseas.[30]

[edit] Fatalities

The 13 killed were:

Name Age Hometown Rank or occupation
Michael Grant Cahill[31] 62 Spokane, Washington Civilian Physician Assistant
L. Eduardo Caraveo[32] 52 Woodbridge, Virginia Major
Justin Michael DeCrow[33] 32 Plymouth, Indiana Staff Sergeant
John P. Gaffaney[34] 56 Serra Mesa, California Captain[35]
Frederick Greene[31] 29 Mountain City, Tennessee Specialist
Jason Dean Hunt[31] 22 Tipton, Oklahoma Specialist
Amy Sue Krueger[31] 29 Kiel, Wisconsin Sergeant
Aaron Thomas Nemelka[31] 19 West Jordan, Utah Private First Class
Michael S. Pearson[36] 22 Bolingbrook, Illinois Private First Class
Russell Gilbert Seager[29] 51 Racine, Wisconsin Captain[37]
Francheska Velez ‡[38] 21 Chicago, Illinois Private First Class
Juanita L. Warman[29] 55 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Lieutenant Colonel[39]
Kham See Xiong[31] 23 Saint Paul, Minnesota Private First Class
‡ Francheska Velez was pregnant at the time of her death.[40]

[edit] Suspect

Main article: Nidal Malik Hasan
Major Nidal Hasan

Major Nidal Malik Hasan, MD, a 39-year-old U.S. Army psychiatrist of Palestinian descent, is the sole suspect in the shootings. Hasan is a practicing Muslim who, according to one of his cousins, became more devout after the deaths of his parents in 1998 and 2001.[41] His cousin did not recall him ever expressing radical or anti-American views.[41] Another cousin, Nader Hasan, a lawyer in Virginia, said that Nidal Hasan's opinion turned against the wars after he heard stories from people who returned from Afghanistan and Iraq.[42]

Hasan attended the Dar Al-Hijrah mosque in Falls Church, Virginia, in 2001, at the same time as Nawaf al-Hazmi and Hani Hanjour, two of the hijackers in the September 11 attacks.[43][44] A law enforcement official said that the FBI will probably look into whether Hasan associated with the hijackers.[45] A review of Hasan's computer and his multiple e-mail accounts has revealed visits to websites espousing radical Islamist ideas, a senior law enforcement official said.[46]

Once, while presenting what was supposed to be a medical lecture to other psychiatrists, Hasan instead talked about Islam, and stated that non-believers would be sent to hell, decapitated, set on fire, and have burning oil poured down their throats. A Muslim psychiatrist in the audience raised his hand, and challenged Hasan's claims.[47] According to Associated Press, Hasan's lecture also "justified suicide bombings."[48]

According to National Public Radio (NPR), officials at Walter Reed Medical Center repeatedly expressed concern about Hasan's behavior during the entire six years he was there; Hasan's supervisors gave him poor evaluations and warned him that he was doing substandard work. In the spring of 2008 (and on later occasions) several key officials met to discuss what to do about Hasan. Attendees of these meetings reportedly included the Walter Reed chief of psychiatry, the chairman of the USUHS Psychiatry Department, two assistant chairs of the USUHS Psychiatry Department (one of whom was the director of Hasan's psychiatry fellowship), another psychiatrist, and the director of the Walter Reed psychiatric residency program. According to NPR, fellow students and faculty were strongly troubled by Hasan's behavior, which they described as "disconnected," "aloof," "paranoid," "belligerent," and "schizoid."[49]

Hasan has expressed admiration for the teachings of Anwar al-Awlaki, imam at the Dar al-Hijrah mosque between 2000 and 2002.[50] Al-Awkali was under surveillance, and Hasan was investigated by the FBI after intelligence agencies intercepted 18 emails between them between December 2008 and June 2009. In one of the emails Hasan wrote: "I can't wait to join you" in the afterlife. Lt. Col. Tony Shaffer, a military analyst at the Center for Advanced Defense Studies, suggested that Hasan was "either offering himself up or [had] already crossed that line in his own mind." Hasan also asked al-Awlaki when jihad is appropriate, and whether it is permissible if innocents are killed in a suicide attack.[51]

Army employees were informed of the contacts, but no threat was perceived; the emails were judged to be consistent with mental health research about Muslims in the armed services.[52] A DC-based joint terrorism task force that operates under the FBI was notified, and the information reviewed by one of its Defense Criminal Investigative Service employees, who concluded there was not sufficient information for a larger investigation.[53] Despite two Defense Department investigators on two joint task forces having looked into Hasan's communications, higher-ups at the Department of Defense stated they were not notified before the incident of such investigations.[54]

In July 2009 he was transferred from Washington's Walter Reed Medical to Fort Hood.

Hasan gave away furniture from his home on the morning of the shooting, saying he was going to be deployed.[55][56] He also handed out copies of the Qur'an, along with his business cards which listed a Maryland phone number and read "Behavioral Heatlh [sic] - Mental Health - Life Skills | Nidal Hasan, MD, MPH | SoA(SWT) | Psychiatrist".[55][56] According to investigators, the acronym "SoA" is commonly used on jihadist websites as an acronym for "Soldier of Allah" or "Servant of Allah", and SWT is commonly used by Muslims to mean "subhanahu wa ta'ala" (Glory to God).[57] The cards did not reflect his military rank.

[edit] Possible motivation

Immediately after the shooting, analysts and public officials openly debated Hasan's motive and preceding psychological state: A military activist, Selena Coppa, remarked that Hasan's psychiatrist colleagues "failed to notice how deeply disturbed someone right in their midst was."[18] A spokesperson for U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, one of the first officials to comment on Hasan's background,[58] told reporters that Hasan was upset about his deployment to Afghanistan on November 28.[59][60] Noel Hamad, Hasan's aunt,[61] said that the family was not aware he was being sent to Afghanistan.[62]

The Dallas Morning News reported on November 17 that ABC News, citing anonymous sources, reported that investigators suspect that the shootings were triggered by superiors' refusal to process Hasan’s requests that some of his patients be prosecuted for war crimes based on statements they made during psychiatric sessions with him. Dallas attorney Patrick McLain, a former Marine, opined that Hasan may have been legally justified in reporting what patients disclosed, but that it was impossible to be sure without knowing exactly what was said, while fellow psychiatrists complained to superiors that Hasan's actions violated doctor-patient confidentiality.[63]

U.S. Senator Joseph Lieberman called for a probe by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, which he chairs. Lieberman said "it's premature to reach conclusions about what motivated Hasan ... I think it's very important to let the Army and the FBI go forward with this investigation before we reach any conclusions."[64][65] Two weeks later, Lieberman labeled the shooting "the most destructive terrorist attack on America since September 11, 2001."[66]

Michael Welner, M.D., a leading forensic psychiatrist with experience examining mass shooters, said that the shooting had elements common to both ideological and workplace mass shootings.[67] Welner, who believed the motivation was to create a "spectacle", said that a trauma care worker, even one afflicted with stress, would not be expected to be homicidal toward his patients unless his ideology trumped his Hippocratic oath–and this was borne out in his shouting "Allahu Akhbar" as he killed the unarmed.[67] An analyst of terror investigations, Carl Tobias, opined that the attack did not fit the profile of terrorism, and was more reminiscent of the Virginia Tech shooting.[68]

However, Michael Scheuer, the retired former head of the Bin Laden Issue Station, and former U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey[69] have called the event a terrorist attack,[68] as has terrorism expert Walid Phares.[70] Retired General Barry McCaffrey said on Anderson Cooper 360° that "it's starting to appear as if this was a domestic terrorist attack on fellow soldiers by a major in the Army who we educated for six years while he was giving off these vibes of disloyalty to his own force."[71]

Some of Hasan's former colleagues have said he performed substandard work and occasionally unnerved them by expressing fervent Islamic views and deep opposition to the U.S.-led wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.[72]

Brian Levin of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism wrote that the case sits at the crossroads of crime, terrorism and mental distress.[73] He compared the possible role of religion to the beliefs of Scott Roeder, a Christian who murdered Dr. George Tiller, who practiced abortion. Such offenders "often self-radicalize from a volatile mix of personal distress, psychological issues, and an ideology that can be sculpted to justify and explain their anti-social leanings."[73]

Hasan's family has called the shooting "despicable and deplorable." They are currently working with Virginia law enforcement.[74]

[edit] Reaction

Army Secretary John McHugh and Chief of Staff Gen. George W. Casey, Jr. discuss the shootings at a press conference at Fort Hood the day after the shootings.

In the hours after the shooting, other U.S. military bases stepped up their security measures.[75][76]

Lieutenant General Robert W. Cone, commander of III Corps at Fort Hood, called the attack "a terrible tragedy, stunning", saying the base community was "absolutely devastated."[77] He said that terrorism was not being ruled out, but preliminary evidence did not suggest that the shooting was terrorism.[78] A spokesman for the Defense Department called the shooting an "isolated and tragic case",[79] and Defense Secretary Robert Gates pledged that his department would do "everything in its power to help the Fort Hood community get through these difficult times."[80] The chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Carl Levin, expressed condolences to the families of those who lost their lives and those who were injured.[80]

President Barack Obama,[1] Vice President Joe Biden,[81] and former President George W. Bush issued statements of support and sympathy for the victims,[82] as did other prominent American politicians. Texas Governor Rick Perry and Senators Kay Bailey Hutchison and John Cornyn also issued messages of shock and sympathy.[26][83]

U.S. President Barack Obama at the memorial for the victims of the shootings at Fort Hood

The U.S. President's initial response to the attack came as he was about to make a speech at the Tribal Nations Conference for America’s 564 federally recognized Native American tribes. Obama has been criticized by the media for not opening his speech by addressing the shooting, and for using colloquialisms in addressing the conference itself and members of the audience.[84][85][86]

Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano stated "we object to—and do not believe—that anti-Muslim sentiment should emanate from this ... This was an individual who does not, obviously, represent the Muslim faith."[87] Chief of Staff Gen. George W. Casey, Jr. said "I'm concerned that this increased speculation could cause a backlash against some of our Muslim soldiers ... Our diversity, not only in our Army, but in our country, is a strength. And as horrific as this tragedy was, if our diversity becomes a casualty, I think that’s worse."[88]

The Council on American-Islamic Relations condemned the shooting, expressing prayers for the victims and condolences for their families.[89][90] The League of United Latin American Citizens issued a statement referring to the loss of a "LULAC family member".[91] President of the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, Paul Helmke, said that "This latest tragedy, at a heavily fortified army base, ought to convince more Americans to reject the argument that the solution to gun violence is to arm more people with more guns in more places."[92] However, Lt. General Cone stated the on-base firearm policy: "As a matter of practice, we do not carry weapons on Fort Hood. This is our home."[93] Military weapons are only used for training or by base security, and personal weapons must be kept locked away by the provost marshal.[94] Specialist Jerry Richard, a soldier working at the Readiness Center, expressed the opinion that this policy had left them unnecessarily vulnerable to violent assaults: "Overseas you are ready for it. But here you can't even defend yourself."[95]

Soon after the attack, Anwar al-Awlaki posted praise for Hasan for the shooting on his website, and encouraged other Muslims serving in the military to "follow in the footsteps of men like Nidal."[50] "Nidal Hasan is a hero, the fact that fighting against the U.S. army is an Islamic duty today cannot be disputed. Nidal has killed soldiers who were about to be deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan in order to kill Muslims."[96] Salman al-Ouda (alt spelling 'Awdah'), a dissident Saudi cleric and former inspiration to Osama bin Laden, condemned the shooting saying the incident would have bad consequences: "...undoubtedly this man might have a psychological problem; he may be a psychiatrist but he [also] might have had psychological distress, as he was being commissioned to go to Iraq or Afghanistan, and he was capable of refusing to work whatever the consequences were." The senior analyst at the NEFA Foundation described Ouda’s comments as "a good indication of how far on a tangent Anwar al-Awlaki is."[97]

In an open letter to President Obama, the Fort Hood Iraq Veterans Against the War chapter in part demanded that the military radically overhaul its mental health care system and halt the practice of repeated deployment of the same troops.[98]

[edit] Investigation and prosecution

The criminal investigation is being conducted jointly by the FBI, the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command, and the Texas Rangers Division.[99] As a member of the military, Hasan is subject to the jurisdiction of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (military law). He is being represented by Belton, Texas-based John P. Galligan, a criminal defense attorney and retired US Army Colonel.[100] Hasan regained consciousness on November 9 but refused to talk to investigators.[101] During a November 21 hearing in Hasan's hospital room, a magistrate ruled that there was probable cause that Hasan committed the November 5 shooting, and ordered that he be held in pre-trial confinement after he is released from hospital care.[87] On November 12 and December 2, respectively, Hasan was charged with 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted murder by the Army; he may face additional charges at court-martial.[5][6]

A 14th count of murder for the death of the unborn child of Francheska Velez has not been filed.[102] Such charge is available to prosecutors under the Unborn Victims of Violence Act and Article 119a of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.[103] If civilian prosecutors indict him for being part of a terrorist plot, it could justify moving all or part of his case into federal criminal courts under U.S. anti-terrorism laws.[104][105]

The military justice system rarely carries out capital punishment—even in mass murder cases—and no executions have been carried out since 1961.[105][106] (From 1916 to 1961, the U.S. Army executed 135 people.)[107] A Rasmussen national survey found that 65% of Americans favor the death penalty in Hasan's case, and that 60% want the case investigated as an act of terrorism.[108]

FBI Director Robert Mueller has appointed William Webster, a former director of the FBI, to conduct an independent review of the bureau's handling of possible warning signs from Hasan. This review is expected to be long-term and in-depth, with Webster selected for the job due to being, as Mueller stated, "uniquely qualified" for such a review.[109]

[edit] See also

The Flag of the State of Texas Texas portal

[edit] References

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  3. ^ a b McCloskey, Megan, "Civilian police officer acted quickly to help subdue alleged gunman", Stars and Stripes, November 8, 2009.
  4. ^ a b c Austin American-Statesman, November 7, 2009
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  33. ^ Ryckaert, Vic (November 7, 2009). "Hoosier killed in shooting joined Army in search of a better life". The Indianapolis Star. http://www.indystar.com/article/20091107/LOCAL/911070382/. Retrieved November 7, 2009. 
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  39. ^ WSJ Staff (November 9, 2009). "Fort Hood Profiles: Lt. Col. Juanita Warman". Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/dispatch/2009/11/08/fort-hood-profiles-lt-col-juanita-warman/. Retrieved November 9, 2009. 
  40. ^ Peter Slevin (November 6, 2009). "Francheska Velez, who had disarmed bombs in Iraq, was pregnant and headed home". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/06/AR2009110603322.html. 
  41. ^ a b Dao, James (November 5, 2009). "Suspect Was ‘Mortified’ About Deployment". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/us/06suspect.html. Retrieved November 7, 2009. 
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  43. ^ "Fort Hood shooting: Texas army killer linked to September 11 terrorists". The Telegraph. November 7, 2009. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6521758/Fort-Hood-shooting-Texas-army-killer-linked-to-September-11-terrorists.html. 
  44. ^ "Alleged Shooter Tied to Mosque of 9 / 11 Hijackers". The New York Times. November 8, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/11/08/us/politics/AP-US-Fort-Hood-Muslims.html. 
  45. ^ Matthew Lysiak and Samuel Goldsmith, "Fort Hood suspect Nidal Malik Hasan attended same mosque as two 9/11 terrorists", November 8, 2009, accessed December 10, 2009
  46. ^ Hsu, Spencer S., and Johnson, Carrie, "Links to imam followed in Fort Hood investigation", Washington Post, November 8, 2009, accessed December 11, 2009
  47. ^ Officials Begin Putting Shooting Pieces Together, NPR, November 6, 2009
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