Republic of Ireland

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the Republic of Ireland

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The foreign relations of Ireland are substantially influenced by its membership of the European Union, although bilateral relations with the United States and United Kingdom are also important to the country. It is one of the group of smaller nations in the EU, and has traditionally followed a non-aligned foreign policy.

Ireland tends towards independence in foreign policy, thus it is not a member of NATO and has a longstanding policy of military neutrality. This policy has helped the Irish Defence Forces to be successful in their contributions to UN peace-keeping missions^{[citation needed]} since 1960 (in the Congo Crisis) and subsequently in Cyprus, Lebanon and Bosnia and Herzegovina.^{[dubious – discuss]}

[edit] United States

The Irish Embassy in Washington D.C..

U.S. president George W. Bush accepts a bowl of shamrock from Taoiseach Bertie Ahern during a ceremony celebrating St. Patrick's Day in 2005.

The use of Shannon Airport as a stop-over point for US forces en-route to Iraq has caused domestic controversy. Opponents of this policy brought an unsuccessful High Court case against the government in 2003, arguing that this use of Irish airspace violated Irish neutrality.^[1] Foreign direct investment by U.S. companies is vital to the Irish economy — the U.S. is Ireland's largest source of foreign investment^{[citation needed]}, and exports to the U.S. amounted to 10% of GDP in 2005.^[2] The large Irish-American population in the United States strengthens ties between the two countries.

The U.S. government has appointed a Special Envoy to Northern Ireland to help with the Northern Ireland peace process. As of 2006^[update], this position is held by Paula Dobriansk. Areas of interest between the U.S. and Ireland include the Northern Ireland peace process, the status of Irish illegal immigrants in the U.S.^[3] and investment by U.S. companies in Ireland.

As of 2008^[update], Michael Collins was the Irish ambassador to the United States, and Thomas C. Foley was the U.S. ambassador to Ireland.

See also: Embassy of the United States in Dublin, United States Ambassador to Ireland

[edit] United Kingdom

Since independence, Ireland had been involved in a dispute with the United Kingdom over the status of Northern Ireland. Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland formerly claimed Northern Ireland as a part of the "national territory", though in practice the Irish government did recognise the UK's jurisdiction over the region. From the onset of the Troubles in 1969, the two governments sought to bring the violence to an end. The Sunningdale Agreement of 1973 and the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 were important steps in this process. In 1998, both states signed the Belfast Agreement and now co-operate closely to find a solution to the region's problems. Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland were amended as part of this agreement, the territorial claim being replaced with a statement of aspiration to unite the people of the island of Ireland. As part of the Belfast Agreement, the states also ended their dispute over their respective names: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Each agreed to accept and use the others' correct name.

The Irish Government has sought, with mixed success, to prevent the importation of weapons and ammunition through its territory by illegal paramilitary organisations, for use in their conflict with the security forces in Northern Ireland. In the 1970s the Irish warship, the LÉ Ciara intercepted a ship carrying weapons from Libya which were probably destined for the republican paramilitaries. Law enforcement acts such as these additionally improved relations with the government of the United Kingdom. However, the independent judiciary blocked a number of attempts to extradite suspects between 1970 and 1998 on the basis that their crime might have been 'political' and thus contrary to international law at the time.

Ireland is also a party to the Rockall continental shelf dispute that also involves Denmark, Iceland, and the United Kingdom. Ireland and the United Kingdom have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area. However, neither have concluded similar agreements with Iceland or Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) and the matter remains under negotiation. Iceland now claims [1] a substantial area of the continental shelf to the west of Ireland, to a point 49°48'N 19°00'W, which is further south than Ireland.

The controversial Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in western England has been a contentious issue between the two governments. The Irish government has sought the closure of the plant, taking a case against the UK government under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, the European Court of Justice found that the case should have been dealt with under EU law.^[4][5]

[edit] Europe

Ireland is consistently the most pro-European of EU member states, with 77% of the population approving of EU membership according to a Eurobarometer poll in 2006.^[6] Ireland was a founding member of the euro single currency. In May 2004, Ireland was one of only three countries to open its borders to workers from the 10 new member states. EU issues important to Ireland include the Common Agricultural Policy, corporation tax harmonization and the EU Constitution. The Irish electorate declined to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon in the summer of 2008 after a short and uninformed campaign. After the voters had been given a clear exposition of the issues, a second referendum in October 2009 passed the bill, allowing the treaty to be ratified.

As of 2009^[update], Dick Roche is Minister of State for European Affairs at the Department of Foreign Affairs. Ireland has held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on six occasions (in 1975, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1996 and 2004) and is scheduled to hold the presidency again in 2013.

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Austria		See Foreign relations of Austria
Belgium		See Foreign relations of Belgium
Bulgaria		Bulgaria has an embassy in Dublin.[7] Ireland has an embassy in Sofia.[8] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of the European Union.
Czech Republic		See Foreign relations of the Czech Republic
Denmark		See Foreign relations of Denmark
Estonia		See Foreign relations of Estonia
Finland		See Foreign relations of Finland
France		See Foreign relations of France
Germany		See Foreign relations of Germany
Georgia		Ireland supports EU initiatives to promote peace between Georgia and Russia. Ireland recognises Georgian sovereignty over the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Ireland condemned the decision of Russia to recognise South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states.[9] The separatist Parliament of Abkhazia expressly called on Ireland to recognise Abkhaz independence, drawing parallels between Ireland’s own historic struggle for independence and international recognition with its own, the Abkhaz Parliament’s statement recalling that:[10] “Just like Ireland, Abkhazia has finally acquired long-awaited independence and recognition at the cost of enormous efforts...[Ireland] was de-facto independent for a long time, but remained unrecognised. Ireland was the only unrecognised country in Europe until the world's largest country recognised a free parliament of Ireland. And that country was Russia.” The parallel the Abkhaz Parliament referred to stems from the fact that the breakaway and largely unrecognised Irish Republic (1919-22), enjoyed some form of recognition from the RSFSR.
Greece		See Greece–Ireland relations Since 1977, Greece has an embassy in Dublin. Since 1978, Ireland has an embassy in Athens.[11] In 2000, Greek President Konstantinos Stephanopoulos visited Dublin. In 2002, Irish President Mary McAleese visited Athens. On February 16, 2006, Greek Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis and Greek Foreign Affairs Minister Dora Bakoyannis visited Dublin. Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ireland
Holy See		See Holy See – Ireland relations The majority of Irish people are Roman Catholic. The Holy See has an embassy in Dublin. Ireland has an embassy to the Holy See.
Hungary		See Foreign relations of Hungary
Iceland		See Foreign relations of Iceland
Italy	1922	Ireland has an embassy in Rome and an honorary consulate in Milan.[12] Italy has an embassy in Dublin.[13] Both countries are full members of Council of Europe and of the European Union.
Kosovo	17 February 2008	Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia in 17 February 2008 and Ireland recognised it on 29 February 2008.[14]
Latvia	19 October 1991	Ireland recognized Latvia's independence on 27 August 1991. Ireland has an embassy in Riga. Since 2003, Latvia has an embassy in Dublin.[15] Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ireland
Lithuania	2 September 1991	Ireland recognised Lithuania on 27 August 1991. Ireland has an embassy in Vilnius. Lithuania has an embassy in Dublin and an honorary consulate in Carrickmacross.[16] Both countries are full members of the European Union. There are around 50,000 Lithuanians living in Ireland. The current Irish Ambasadore to Lithuanina is Donal Denham. Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Ireland (in Lithuanian only)
Luxembourg	1925	Ireland has an embassy in Luxembourg City.[17] Luxembourg has an honorary consulate in Dublin. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of the European Union.
Netherlands	1922	Ireland has an embassy in The Hague.[18] Netherlands have an embassy in Dublin and 3 honorary consulates (in Cork, Limerick and Sligo.[19] Both countries are full members of the European Union. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ireland (in Dutch only)
Norway		Ireland has an embassy in Oslo.[20] Norway has an embassy in Dublin.[21] Both countries are full members of Council of Europe.
Poland		Ireland has an embassy in Warsaw.[22] Poland has an embassy in Dublin.[23] Both countries are full members of the European Union. There are around 63,000 Poles living in Ireland.
Portugal		Ireland has an embassy in Lisbon.[24] Portugal has an embassy in Dublin. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of the European Union.
Romania	1990-04-18	Since May 20, 1994, Romania has an embassy in Dublin.[25] Since August 15, 2005, Ireland has an embassy in Bucharest.[26] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of the European Union.
Russia		Ireland has an embassy in Moscow.[27] Russia has an embassy Dublin.[28] The Russian SFSR was the first country to recognize the independence of Ireland in 1918.[citation needed] Cooperation between both countries has been more active since the end of the Cold War. Many bilateral treaties exist between both nations in various fields (taxation, investment protection, cultural and scientific, aviation, etc.). Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Slovakia	1993	Ireland has an embassy in Bratislava.[29] Slovakia has an embassy in Dublin. Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,and of the European Union. * * There are 30,000 people of Slovakian descent living in Ireland.
Slovenia	1991	Ireland and Slovenia established diplomatic relations in 1991.[citation needed] Ireland has an embassy in Ljubljana.[30] Since January 2002, Slovenia has had an embassy in Dublin.[31]
Spain		Ireland has an embassy in Madrid and 10 honorary consulates (in Alicante, Arrecife, Barcelona, Bilbao, Ferrol, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Majorca, Málaga, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Seville).[32] Spain has an embassy in Dublin.[33] Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,and of the European Union. Irish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: directions of Irish representations in Spain
Sweden		See Ireland–Sweden relations Ireland has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in Dublin and 3 honorary consulates (in Cork, Galway and Limerick). Both countries are full members of Council of Europe and of the European Union.
Turkey		Ireland has an embassy in Ankara.[34] Turkey has an embassy in Dublin.[35] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Union for the Mediterranean and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Also Ireland is a member of the European Union while Turkey is a candidate. See also Turks in Ireland Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ireland
Ukraine	1992	Ireland recognized the Ukrainian state in 1991 Ireland is represented through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic), and an honorary consulate in Kiev.[36] Ukraine has an embassy in Dublin.[37] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

[edit] Taiwan and People's Republic of China

Ireland's official relationship with the People's Republic of China began on 22 June 1979.^[38] Following his visit to China in 1998, former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern authorised the establishment of an Asia Strategy.^[39] The aim of this Strategy was to ensure that the Irish Government and Irish enterprise work coherently to enhance the important relationships between Ireland and Asia.^[39]

By 2004, China (including Hong Kong, Taiwan^{[dubious – discuss]} and Macau) had become Ireland’s 7th largest trading partner.^[40]

Ireland has raised its concerns in the area of human rights with China on a number of occasions. On 12 May 2007, during a visit to Beijing, Taoiseach Brian Cowen (then Minister for Finance) discussed human rights issues with Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing.^[41] Tánaiste Mary Coughlan also raised human rights issues and concerns with visiting Chinese Vice-Premier Zeng Peiyan.^[41] Ireland also participates in the EU-China Human Rights Dialogue.

Concerning the Taiwan issue, Ireland follows a One-China policy. In 2007, the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Dermot Ahern summarised the Irish position as follows:^[42]

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 of 25 October 1971 recognised the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the sole representative of China. Although Taiwan continues to exercise autonomy and to term itself ‘The Republic of China’, this is not recognised in international law. Taiwan’s official status is that of a Province of China...Ireland recognises the Government of the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China. Ireland does not maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan and there is no inter-Governmental contact between the two sides. A Taipei Representative Office, established in Dublin in 1988, has a representative function in relation to economic and cultural promotion, but no diplomatic or political status.

The following satement was issued by Dermot Ahern, Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs' Department on Taiwan and Cross-straits relations on 12 March 2008:

The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Dermot Ahern, TD, today expressed his concern about the potential for increased Cross-Straits tensions in the lead-up to the Presidential elections in Taiwan due to take place on 22 March, and, in particular, the planned referendum on UN membership in the name of Taiwan.

Reiterating Ireland's 'One China' policy, Minister Ahern said: “At this time it is vital that any form of unilateral action that might undermine the status quo is avoided and I therefore do not support the holding of this referendum. It has been our consistent hope that the Taiwan issue will be resolved peacefully and through constructive dialogue between the parties concerned.”^[43]

The Minister's emphasis on the One China policy and to the Taiwan issue being best settled through dialogue "between the parties concerned" was consistent with Beijing's wish that the Taiwan issue be regarded as a domestic one between Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Straits.

In other arenas, the Irish government follows a strict One China policy. For example, when the Department of Foreign Affairs issued a travel advisory concerning the SARS outbreak, it advised individuals not to travel to "parts of China (i.e. Beijing, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Shanxi, Taiwan Province)".^[44]

[edit] Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Argentina	29 July 1947	See Argentina–Ireland relations Argentina has an embassy in Dublin. Ireland has an embassy in Buenos Aires. In March 2008, it was announced that there was a special new visa programme between the two countries.[45] List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and Ireland (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)
Brazil		Brazil has an embassy in Dublin. Ireland has an embassy in Brasília.
Canada		See Canada–Ireland relations Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada. Roughly 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.
Colombia		See Colombia–Ireland relations Colombia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.[46] Ireland is represented in Colombia through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico and an honorary consulate in Bogotá[47]
Mexico		See Ireland–Mexico relations The relationship has been often associated with the Irish migration to Mexico. Mexico has an embassy in Dublin while Ireland has an embassy in Mexico City.

[edit] Rest of world

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Armenia	1996	See Armenia–Ireland relations Ireland recognized Armenia’s independence in December 1991. Armenia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).[48] Ireland is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria) and through an honorary consulate in Yerevan.[49] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Australia		See Australia–Ireland relations Australia has an embassy in Dublin.[50] Ireland has an embassy in Canberra, a Consulate General in Sydney and an honorary consulate in Victoria.[51] Both nations are former British colonies. About 20% of the Australian population have Irish ancestry, which often predates Irish Independence in 1922. Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Ireland
Ethiopia		See Ethiopia–Ireland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1994. Ethiopia has an embassy in Dublin. Since 1994, Ireland has an embassy in Addis Ababa. Ireland disbursed USD 58.94 million to Ethiopia in 2007, making it sixth in bilateral donors.[52] Irish foreign aid to Ethiopia includes grants towards focuses on Vulnerability, Health, Education, HIV and AIDS and Governance, either directly, through NGOs, and missionary societies. These grants amounted to € 32 million in 2007,[53] and over € 37 million in 2006.[54] In January, 2003, the Irish Minister of State with responsibility for Overseas Development Assistance, Tom Kitt, visited Ethiopia to see how his country could assist in famine relief. He planned to visit the Tigray Region, which was reported as being the most affected by famine at the time.[55]
India		See India – Ireland relations India has an embassy in Dublin. Indo-Irish relations picked up steam during the freedom struggles of the respective countries against a common imperial empire in the United Kingdom. Political relations between the two states have largely been based on socio-cultural ties, although political and economic ties have also helped build relations. Indo-Irish relations were greatly strengthened by the such luminaries as the likes of Pandit Nehru, Éamon de Valera, Rabindranath Tagore, W. B. Yeats, James Joyce, and, above all, Annie Besant. Politically relations have not been cold nor warm. Mutual benefit has led to economic ties that are fruitful for both states.[citation needed] Visits by government leaders have kept relations cordial at regular intervals.
Iran		See Foreign relations of Iran
Israel	1975	Since 25 January 1996, Ireland has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[56] Israel has an embassy in Dublin.[57] Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean
Japan		Starting in 1973, Ireland has an embassy in Tokyo and an honorary consulate in Osaka.[58] Since 1964, Japan has an embassy in Dublin.[59] Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ireland
Malaysia		Ireland has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia has an embassy in Dublin.
New Zealand		Ireland is represented in New Zealand through its embassy in Canberra (Australia) and through an honorary consulate in Auckland.[60] New Zealand is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and through an honorary consulate in Dublin.[61] Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. There is a community of people of Irish descent living in New Zealand. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Ireland
Pakistan		See Ireland–Pakistan relations Ireland is represented in Pakistan through its embassy in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) and an honorary consualte in Karachi. Pakistan has an embassy in Dublin.
People's Republic of China	22 June 1979	See People's Republic of China – Ireland relations Ireland has an embassy in Beijing, a general consulate in Shanghai and an honorary consulate in Hong Kong.[62] China has an embassy in Dublin.[63] There are around 16,500 people of Chinese descent living in Ireland. Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ireland
Philippines		See Ireland – Philippines relations Ireland-Philippines diplomatic relations officially began in 1986 and have become more intense over the years as increasing numbers of Filipinos have migrated to Ireland. The Philippines appointed its first resident ambassador to Ireland during 2009.
South Africa	1993-10-05	Ireland was the only European Union member country, which did not have full diplomatic relations with South Africa until the dawn of democratic South Africa. Ireland opened an embassy in Pretoria in 1994. Ireland also has a Consulate-General in Cape Town.[64] The South African Embassy in Dublin was opened in 1995. South African Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ireland
South Korea	1983-10	Ireland has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Seoul.[65] South Korea has an embassy in Dublin.[66] As of July 2009, the ambassador of the Republic of Ireland to South Korea is Eamonn C. McKee. Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Ireland
Vietnam		Ireland has an embassy in Hanoi.[67] Vietnam is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and through an honorary consulate in Dublin.[68] Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Ireland
Zambia	1965	See Ireland–Zambia relations Ireland has an embassy in Lusaka. Zambia is represented in Ireland through its high commission in London (United Kingdom)

[edit] United Nations

The United Nations was founded in 1945, but Ireland's membership was blocked by the Soviet Union until it joined in 1955.[2] Since 25 July 2007, the Irish ambassador to the UN Office at Geneva has been Dáithí Ó Ceallaigh.^[69] Ireland has been elected to the UN Security Council as a non-permanent member on three occasions — in 1962, in 1981-1982 and most recently in 2001-2002.^[70]

Ireland is a member state of the International Criminal Court, having signed the Rome Statute in 1998 and ratified it in 2002.^[71]

[edit] Peacekeeping missions

Ireland has a long history of participation in UN peacekeeping efforts starting in 1958, just three years after joining the UN. As of 2006^[update], 85 members of the Irish Defence Forces had been killed on peacekeeping missions.^[72]

List of major peacekeeping operations:^[73]

• June 1958–December 1958: UNOGIL observer mission to Lebanon
• 1958–present: UNTSO mission to the Middle East
• 1960–1964: ONUC mission to Congo
• 1964–present: UNFICYP mission to Cyprus
• 1973–1974: UNEF II mission to Sinai after the Yom Kippur War
• 1978–present: UNIFIL mission to Lebanon
• 1988–1991: UNIIMOG mission to the Iran-Iraq border following the Iran–Iraq War
• 1993–1995: UNOSOM II "peace enforcement" mission to Somalia
• 1997–2004: SFOR mission to former Yugoslavia
• 1999–present: KFOR mission to Kosovo
• 1999–2000: INTERFET mission to East Timor
• 2003–present: UNMIL mission to Liberia
• 2008–present: EUFOR Chad/CAR mission to Chad and the Central African Republic

As well as these missions, Irish personnel have served as observers in Central America, Russia, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Namibia, Western Sahara, Kuwait and South Africa.^[72]

[edit] International organisations

Ireland is a member of or otherwise participates in the following international organisations:^[74]

[edit] Foreign aid

Ireland's aid program was founded in 1974, and in 2006 its budget amounted to €734 million. The government has set a target of reaching the Millennium Development Goal of 0.7% of Gross National Product in aid by 2012, a target which is projected to amount to €1.5 billion based on current GNP growth.^[75] Irish development aid is concentrated on eight priority countries: Lesotho, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Zambia, Uganda, Vietnam and East Timor.^[76] in 2006, Malawi was announced as the ninth priority country, with a tenth country to follow.^[77]

As of 2009^[update], Peter Power was the Minister of State for Overseas Development at the Department of Foreign Affairs.

[edit] Human rights

There have been no serious civil, human or social rights abuses/problems in the State, according to Amnesty International and the U.S. State Department.^[78][79] The country consistently comes among the top nations in terms of freedom and rights ratings.

[edit] See also

• Common Travel Area
• Diplomatic missions of Ireland
• List of diplomatic missions in Ireland
• Message to the Free Nations of the World

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Legal Treaties - Department of Foreign Affairs – text of treaties signed by Ireland.

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