Flu season:
Flu season is regularly re-occuring time period characterised by the prevalance of outbreaks of influenza. The season occurs during the cold half of the year in each hemisphere. Influenza activity can sometimes be predicted and even tracked geographically. While the beginning of major flu activity in each season varies by location, in any specific location these minor epidemics usually take about 3 weeks to peak and another 3 weeks to significantly diminish.[1] Individual cases of the flu however, usually only last a few days. In some countries such as Japan and China, infected persons sometimes wear a surgical mask out of respect for others.
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Three viruses, Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, or Influenzavirus C are the main infective agents that cause influenza. During time periods of cooler temperature, influenza cases increase roughly tenfold or more, resulting in the flu season. Despite higher prevalance of disease cases during the season, these viruses are transmitted amongst people all year round. They do not disappear and reappear.
Each annual flu season is normally associated with a major influenzavirus subtype. The associated subtype changes each year, due to mutational changes amongst viral populations, as well as the development of immunological resistance to last year's strain from previous infection and vaccination.
The exact mechanism behind the seasonal nature of influenza outbreaks are unclear. Proposed explanations include:
- Because people are indoors more often during the winter, they are in close contact more often, and this promotes transmission from person to person.
- Cold temperatures lead to drier air, which may dehydrate mucus, preventing the body from effectively expelling virus particles.
- The virus may linger longer on exposed surfaces (doorknobs, countertops, etc.) in colder temperatures.
- Increased travel and visitation in the northern hemisphere due to the holiday season.[2]
Research in guinea pigs has shown that the aerosol transmission of the virus is enhanced when the air is cold and dry.[3] The dependence on humidity appears to be due to degradation of the virus particles in moist air, while the dependence on cold appears to be due to infected hosts shedding the virus for a longer period of time. The researchers did not find that the cold impaired the immune response of the guinea pigs to the virus.
A recent research done by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) on influenza virus identified the virus as having "butter-like coating". The coating melts when it enters the respiratory tract. In the winter, the coating becomes a nice hardened shell; therefore, it can survive in the cold weather similar to a spore. In the summer, the coating melts before virus reaches the respiratory tract. [4]
Google Trends shows that people searching for influenza-related terms follows the influenza season.
[edit] Flu vaccinations
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Flu vaccinations have been used to diminish the effects of the flu season. Since the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two flu seasons each year. Therefore, the World Health Organization (assisted by the National Influenza Centers) makes two vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere.
According to the U.S. Department of Health, a growing number of large companies provide their employees with seasonal flu shots, either at a small cost to the employee or as a free service.
The annually updated trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses.[5] The dominant strain in January 2006 is H3N2. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. [6][7] .
[edit] See also
[edit] Sources and notes
- ^ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Factsheet
- ^ Slate's Explainer: Weather and the Flu Season
- ^ Lowen, Anice C.; Mubareka, Samira; Steel, John; Palese, Peter (2007). "Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature". PLoS Pathogens 3 (10): e151. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151. http://pathogens.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151&ct=1.
- ^ U.S. study shows why winter is flu season | Science | Reuters
- ^ Daum LT, Shaw MW, Klimov AI, Canas LC, Macias EA, Niemeyer D, et al. Influenza A (H3N2) outbreak, Nepal. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Aug [date cited]. Available from CDC
- ^ Bird Flu: Threat or Menace? Why avian sniffles need not ruffle our feathers... too much Ronald Bailey October 19, 2005
- ^ This Season's Flu Virus Is Resistant to 2 Standard Drugs New York Times. Accessed 30 Oct 2006
[edit] Further reading
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