Flat panel displays encompass a growing number of technologies enabling video displays that are lighter and much thinner than traditional television and video displays that use cathode ray tubes, and are usually less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick. They can be divided into two general categories: Volatile or Static.

Flat panel displays balance their smaller footprint and trendy modern look with high production costs and in many cases inferior images compared with traditional CRTs. In many applications, specifically modern portable devices such as laptops, cellular phones, and digital cameras, whatever disadvantages exist are overcome by the portability requirements.

[edit] Volatile

Volatile displays require pixels be periodically refreshed to retain their state, even for a static image. This refresh typically occurs many times a second. If this is not done, the pixels will gradually lose their coherent state, and the image will "fade" from the screen.

[edit] Examples of volatile flat panel displays

• Plasma displays
• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
• Organic light-emitting diode displays (OLEDs)
• Light-emitting diode display (LED)
• Electroluminescent displays (ELDs)
• Surface-conduction electron-emitter displays (SEDs)
• Field emission displays (FEDs)
• Nano-emissive display (NEDs)

Only the first five of these displays are commercially available today, though OLED displays are beginning deployment only in small sizes (mainly in cellular telephones). SEDs were promised for release in 2006, while the FEDs and NEDs are (as of November 2005^[update]) in the prototype stage.

[edit] Static

Static flat panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable. This means that the image they hold requires no energy to maintain, but instead requires energy to change. This results in a much more energy-efficient display, but with a tendency towards slow refresh rates which are undesirable in an interactive display.

[edit] Examples of static flat panel displays

• electrophoretic displays (e.g. E Ink's electrophoretic imaging film)
• bichromal ball displays (e.g. Xerox's Gyricon)
• Interferometric modulator displays (e.g. Qualcomm's iMod, a MEMS display.)
• Cholesteric displays (e.g. MagInk, Kent Displays)
• Bistable nematic liquid crystal displays (e.g. ZBD)

Bistable flat panel displays are beginning deployment in limited applications (Cholesteric displays, manufactured by Magink, in outdoor advertising; electrophoretic displays in e-book products from Sony and iRex; and bistable liquid crystal displays from ZBD in store shelf labels).

[edit] See also

• Large-screen television technology
• Sony Watchman