Filipino mestizo

Notable Filipino mestizos: Manuel L. Quezon · Andrés Bonifacio · José Rizal
Total population
Official population are unknown.
Regions with significant populations
Philippines
Languages
Filipino, other Philippine languages, Spanish, English, other European languages and Chinese.
Religion
Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestants) and other religions.
Related ethnic groups
Other Filipino people, Austronesian people, Spanish people, European people and Chinese people.

Filipino mestizo is a term used in the Philippines to denote Filipinos of mixed Malay, European and Chinese ancestry. The word mestizo is of Spanish origin and was only used to denote individuals of European and Amerindian descent.

Contents 1 History 2 Colonial caste system 3 See also 4 Publications 5 References 6 External links

[edit] History

Spanish period

The Spanish expedition in 1565, prompted a period of colonization of the Philippines that lasted for about 333 years. The Roman Catholic Church played an important role in allowing Spanish settlements in the Philippines. The Spanish government and religious missionaries were quick to learn indigenous languages and Roman Catholic rituals were interpreted in accordance with indigenous Filipino beliefs and values. As a result, a folk Roman Catholicism developed in the Philippines.^[1] The offspring of Spanish and indigenous Filipinos may have adopted the culture of their parents and grandparents, however only a few families of Spanish descent in the Philippines still speak Spanish among themselves, in addition, Chavacano (a creole language based largely on Spanish vocabulary) is spoken in Zamboanga Peninsula.

Chinese immigration

Although there had been a pre-Hispanic interaction with and presence of people from what is today China, the arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines attracted Chinese traders and trade flourished during the Spanish colonial period. The Spaniards restricted the activities of the Chinese and confined them to the Parián which was located near Intramuros. Most of the Chinese residents earned their livelihood as traders serving the colonial authorities.

Many of the Chinese who arrived during the Spanish period were Cantonese, who worked as labourers, but there were also Fujianese, who entered the retail trade. The Chinese resident in the islands were encouraged to intermarry with indigenous Filipinos, convert to Roman Catholicism and adopt Hispanic names, surnames and customs.

During the United States colonial period, the Chinese Exclusion Act^[2] of the United States was also applied to the Philippines.

After World War II and the fall of the Chinese communism in China, many of the Chinese refugees settled in the Philippines. This group formed the bulk of the current population of Chinese Filipinos.^[3] After the Philippines regained its independence in 1946, those Chinese became naturalized Filipino citizens, the children of these new citizens were born and raised in the Philippines and had Filipino citizenship from birth.^[4]

[edit] Colonial caste system

The history of racial mixture in the Philippines occurred mostly during the Spanish colonial period from the 16th to 19th century. The same Spanish racial caste system enforced in Latin America (Spanish America) existed in the Philippines, with a few differences. The indigenous people of the Philippines were referred to as Indios and Negritos.

Term	Definition
Indio	person of pure Malay ancestry
Negrito	person of pure Aeta ancestry
Sangley	person of pure Chinese ancestry
Mestizo de Sangley	person of mixed Chinese and Malay ancestry
Mestizo de Español	person of mixed Spanish and Malay ancestry
Tornatrás	person of mixed Spanish, Malay and Chinese ancestry
Filipino	person of pure Spanish descent born in the Philippines, also called Insulares ("from the islands") or Criollos (Creoles)
Américano	person of Criollo (pure Spanish blood), Castizo or Mestizo descent born in Spanish America ("from the Americas")
Peninsulares	person of pure Spanish descent born in Spain ("from the Iberian peninsula")

[edit] See also

• Amerasian
• Demographics of the Philippines
• Ethnic groups in the Philippines
• Eurasian
• Multiracial

[edit] Publications

1. http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/1129/1/CEAS.1964.n10.pdf Wickberg, Edgar. (March 1964) The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History. The Journal Southeast Asian History, 5(1), 62-100. Lawrence, Kansas: The University of Kansas, CEAS.

2. http://www.analitica.com/Bitblio/emily_monroy/race_mixing.asp Monroy, Emily. (23 August 2002) Race Mixing and Westernization in Latin America and the Philippines. analitica.com. Caracas, Venezuela.

3. Gambe, Annabelle R. (2000) Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia. Münster, Hamburg and Berlin: LIT Verlag.

4. http://www.public-conversations.org.za/_pdfs/anderson_12.pdf Anderson, Benedict. (1988) Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams.

5. Weightman, George H. (February 1960) The Philippine Chinese: A Cultural History of A Marginal Trading Company. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Information Service.

6. Tettoni, Luca Invernizzi and Sosrowardoyo, Tara. (1997). Filipino Style. Periplus Editions Ltd. Hong Kong, China.

7. Tan, Hock Beng. (1994). Tropical Architecture and Interiors. Page One Publishing Pte Ltd. Singapore.

8. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/502rev.pdf (1999) Advisory Body Evaluation. UNESCO World Heritage Site.

9. http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/lens.pdf Medina, Elizabeth. (1999) Thru the Lens of Latin America: A Wide-Angle View of the Philippine Colonial Experience. Santiago, Chile.

10. http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_13_identidad.pdf (2006) The Colonial Imaginary. Photography in the Philippines during the Spanish Period 1860-1898. Casa Asia: Centro Cultural Conde Duque. Madrid, Spain.

11. http://www.fullbooks.com/History-of-the-Philippine-Islands-Vols-1-and1.html Blair, E. H. and Robertson, J.A. (editors). (1907) History of the Philippine Islands Vols. 1 and 2 by Dr. Antonio de Morga (Translated and Annotated in English). The Arthur H. Clark Company. Cleveland, Ohio.

12. http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=SdMMBza_e38C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Austin+Craig&hl=en#PPP1,M1 Craig, Austin. (2004). Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot. Kessinger Publishing. Whitefish, Montana.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Culture and fertility: the case of the Philippines