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Fi 156 Storch
Role	Reconnaissance & communications
Manufacturer	Fieseler
Designed by	H Winter
First flight	1936
Introduced	1937
Primary user	Luftwaffe
Produced	1937-1949
Number built	Over 2,900

The Fieseler Fi 156 Storch (stork) was a small German liaison aircraft built by Fieseler before and during World War II, and production continued in other countries into the 1950s for the private market. It remains famous to this day for its excellent STOL performance, and French-built later variants are a common fixture at air shows.

[edit] Design and development

In 1935, the RLM (Reichsluftfahrtministerium, Reich Aviation Ministry) put out a tender for a new Luftwaffe aircraft (suitable for liaison, army co-operation today called Forward Air Control), and medical evacuation, as required to several companies. Conceived by chief designer Reinhold Mewes and technical director Erich Bachen, Fieseler's entry was the most advanced in terms of STOL (Short Take Off and Landing) performance, by far. A fixed slat ran along the entire leading edge of the long wings, while the entire trailing edge, inspired by earlier 1930s Junkers "double-wing" aircraft wing control surface designs, including the ailerons, was a hinged and slotted flap. In a design feature that was rare for land-based aircraft, the wings on the Storch could be folded back along the fuselage, in a manner not unlike that of the US Navy's F4F Wildcat fighter, allowing it to be carried on a trailer or even towed slowly behind a vehicle. The long legs of the main landing gear contained oil and spring shock absorbers that compressed about 450 mm (18 inches) on landing, allowing the plane to set down almost anywhere. In flight they hung down, giving the aircraft the appearance of a very long-legged, big-winged bird, hence its nickname, Storch. With its very low landing speed the Storch often appeared to land vertically or even backwards, in strong winds from directly ahead.

[edit] Variants

Swiss Air Force Fi 156C-1

Fi 156 - prototypes with Versuchs numbers. The V1 first prototype flew in the spring of 1936. It was powered by an air-cooled 180 kW (240 hp) inverted-vee Argus As 10C V8 engine, which gave the plane a top speed of only 175 km/h (109 mph), enabling the Storch to fly as slow as 50 km/h (32 mph), take off into a light wind in less than 45 m (150 ft), and land in 18 m (60 ft). It was followed up by the second V2 prototype and third V3 prototypes, the ski-equipped V4, plus one V5
Fi 156A-0 - ten pre-production aircraft.
Fi156A-1 - first production models for service, ordered into production by the Luftwaffe with an order for 16 planes, the first production aircraft entered service in mid-1937.
Fi156B - Allowed for the retraction of the leading edge slats and had a number of minor aerodynamic cleanups, boosting the speed to 208 km/h (130 mph). The Luftwaffe didn't consider such a small difference to be important
Fi 156C - Essentially a "flexible" version of the A model. A small run of C-0s were followed by the C-1 three-seater liaison version, and the C-2 two-seat observation type (which had a rear-mounted MG 15 machine gun for defense). Both models entered service in 1939. In 1941, both were replaced by the "universal cockpit" C-3, suited to any role. Last of the Cs was the C-5, a C-3 with a belly hardpoint a camera pod or drop tank. Some were fitted with skis, rather than wheels, for operation on snow. Other versions of the Fi 156 were the C-3/Trop, which was a tropicalised version of the Fi 156C-5.
Fi 156D - which was an air ambulance version of the Fi 156C. The first two Fi 156D models were the D-0 pre-production aircraft, and the D-1 production aircraft, powered by an Argus AsP engine.
Fi 156E - Ten pre-production aircraft were fitted with tracked landing gear
Fi 256 - A five seat civil version two were built at the Morane-Saulnier factory at Puteaux in France.
Morane-Saulnier MS-500 Criquet - French production post WWII with 240 hp French built Argus engine
Morane-Saulnier MS-501 Criquet - with a 233 hp Renault 6Q
Morane-Saulnier MS-502 Criquet - MS-500 with the Argus engine replaced by a 230 hp Salmson 9ab radial engine.
Morane-Saulnier MS-504 Criquet - with a 304 hp Jacobs R-755-A2.
Morane-Saulnier MS-505 Criquet - MS-500 with the Argus engine replaced by a 304 hp Jacobs R-755-A2 radial engine.
Morane-Saulnier MS-506 Criquet - with a 235 hp Lycoming engine.
Mráz K-65 Čáp - production in Czechoslovakia after WWII.
Antonov OKA-38 - An unlicenced copy of the Fi 156, powered by a copy of a Renault MV-6 engine, was starting production as the factory was overrun by German forces in 1941

[edit] Operational history

Fi 156 in Luftwaffe markings

Fi 156 in flight

Restored Storch in IWM Duxford

The Storch could be found on every front throughout the European and North African theaters of operation in World War II. It will probably always be most famous for its role in Operation Eiche, the rescue of deposed Italian dictator Benito Mussolini from a boulder-strewn mountain top near the Gran Sasso, surrounded by Italian troops. German commando Otto Skorzeny dropped with 90 paratroopers onto the peak and quickly captured it, but the problem remained of how to get back off. A Focke Achgelis Fa 223 helicopter was sent, but it broke down en route. Instead, pilot Walter Gerlach flew in a Storch, landed in 30 m (100 ft), took aboard Mussolini and Skorzeny, and took off again in under 80 m (250 ft), even though the plane was overloaded. The Storch involved in rescuing Mussolini bore the radio code letters, or Stammkennzeichen, of "SJ + LL" in motion picture coverage of the daring rescue.

On 26 April 1945 a Storch was one of the last planes to land on the improvised airstrip in the Tiergarten near the Brandenburg Gate during the Battle of Berlin and the death throes of the Third Reich. It was flown by the test pilot Hanna Reitsch, who flew her lover Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to answer a summons from Hitler. Once in Berlin von Greim was informed that he was to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring.^[1]

A Storch was the victim of the last dog fight on the Western Front and another was fittingly downed by a direct Allied counterpart of the Storch—an L-4 Grasshopper—from the L-4's crew directing their pistol fire at it. The pilot and co-pilot of the L-4, Lts. Duane Francis and Bill Martin, opened fire on the Storch with their .45 caliber pistols, forcing the German air crew to land and surrender. The involved Storch was the only aircraft known to have been downed by handgun fire in the entire war.^{[citation needed]}

A total of about 2,900 Fi 156s, mostly Cs, were produced from 1937 to 1945. When the main Fieseler plant switched to building Bf 109s in 1943, Storch production was shifted to the Mráz factory in Choceň, Czechoslovakia. A large number were also built at the captured Morane-Saulnier factory in France, starting in April 1942, as the M.S.500 Criquet. Both factories continued to produce the planes after the war for local civilian markets (in Czechoslovakia it was made as K-65 Čáp, 138 were made by 1949).

Licenced production was also started in Romainia in 1943 at the ICAR (Īntreprinderea de construcţii aeronautice româneşti) factory in Bucharest. Only 10 were built by the time Romania switched sides, with a further 70 aircraft being built by the Romanians before production ended in 1946.^[2]

During the war at least 60 Storchs were captured by the Allies, one becoming the personal aircraft of Field Marshal Montgomery.

Because of its superb STOL characteristics (which would be of obvious great benefit to bush pilots, for example) there have been many attempts to recreate or outright copy the Storch in modern form, namely in the form of various homebuilt aircraft.[1] One of the most successful recent examples of this is the Slepcev Storch designed by Nestor Slepcev. It is a 3/4 scale reproduction of the original with some modification for simplicity. Through the use of modern materials the aircraft features better STOL performance than the original with a take-off run of 30 m and landing-roll of 50 m with no headwind.

[edit] Operators

Spanish Air Force Fi 156 and Argus As 10 engine

Swedish Air Force S14 (Fi 156)

Rudolf Langhanns collection

[edit] Specifications (Fi 156)

Morane-Saulnier M.S.500 Criquet

General characteristics

Crew: 2
Length: 9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)
Wingspan: 14.3 m (46 ft 9 in)
Height: 3.1 m (10 ft 0 in)
Wing area: 26 m² (280 ft²)
Empty weight: 860 kg (1,900 lb)
Loaded weight: 1,260 kg (2,780 lb)
Powerplant: 1× Argus As 10 air-cooled inverted V8 engine, 180 kW (240 hp)

Performance

Maximum speed: 175 km/h (109 mph) at 300 m (1,000 ft)
Combat radius: 380 km (210 nmi, 240 mi)
Service ceiling: 5,200 m (17,060 ft)
Rate of climb: 4.8 m/s (945 ft/min)
Wing loading: 48.5 kg/m² (9.9 lb/ft²)
Power/mass: 143 W/kg (0.087 hp/lb)

Armament

Guns: MG 15 machine gun

[edit] See also

Related development

Fieseler Fi 97
Antonov OKA-38 Aist
Pazmany PL-9 Stork a ¾ scale variant for homebuilders

Comparable aircraft

Helio Courier-postwar (1949) American light STOL aircraft
Kobesiko Te-Go
Kokusai Ki-76 "Stella"
Meridionali Ro.63
Messerschmitt Bf 163
Siebel Si 201
Vultee L-1A Vigilant
Westland Lysander

Related lists

List of military aircraft of Germany

[edit] References

Notes

^ Antony Beevor. Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Penguin Books, 2002, ISBN 0-670-88695-5. p.322
^ Axworthy 1994, p.12.

Bibliography

Axworthy, Max. "On Three Fronts: Romania's Aircraft Industry During World War Two". Air Enthusiast, No.56, Winter 1994. Stamford, Lincs, UK:Key Publishing. ISSN 0143 5450. pp8–27.
Bateson, Richard P. "Fieseler Fi 156 Storch". Aircraft in Profile, Volume 11. Widsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1972.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fieseler Fi 156

[0] Antony Beevor. Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Penguin Books, 2002, ISBN 0-670-88695-5. p.322

[Axworthy_p12-1] Axworthy 1994, p.12.

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[2]

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