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P90
FN-P90.JPG
FN P90 LV/LIR with empty magazine.
Type Personal defense weapon
Place of origin  Belgium
Service history
In service 1991–present[1]
Used by See Users
Wars Gulf War[1], Afghan War, Iraq War
Production history
Designed 1986–1990[1]
Manufacturer FN Herstal
Produced 1990–present[2][3]
Variants See Variants
Specifications
Weight 2.54 kg (5.60 lb) empty[2][4]
2.68 kg (5.9 lb) empty magazine[1][3]
3.0 kg (6.6 lb) loaded magazine[1][3]
Length 500 mm (19.7 in)[2][4]
Barrel length 263 mm (10.4 in)[2][4]
Width 55 mm (2.2 in)[1]
Height 210 mm (8.3 in)[1]
Cartridge 5.7x28mm[2][4]
Action Straight blowback, closed bolt[2][4]
Rate of fire 900 rounds/min[2][4]
Muzzle velocity 850 m/s (2,789 ft/s) (SS90)[3]
715 m/s (2,346 ft/s) (SS190)[1][4]
Effective range 200 m[5]
Feed system 50-round detachable box magazine[2][4]
Sights Tritium-illuminated reflex sight, back-up iron sights[3][4]

The FN P90 is a personal defense weapon (PDW) designed by Belgian firearms manufacturer FN Herstal in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The weapon's name is an abbreviation of Project 90, which specifies a weapon system of the 1990s.[5] The P90 was originally designed as a compact but powerful firearm for vehicle drivers, operators of crew-served weapons, support personnel, special forces and anti-terrorist units.[4]

The P90 features a compact bullpup design, ambidextrous grip and a polymer and alloy-based construction. The weapon contains several innovative features including the top-mounted magazine and proprietary 5.7x28mm ammunition, designed for greater penetration of body armor than conventional pistol ammunition.

By 2003, 17,000 P90s were in use by military and police forces[6] in over 25 countries worldwide.[6][7] By 2009, the P90 and variants were in use with over 200 agencies in the United States.[8] The PS90 sporting model is also becoming popular among civilian shooters.

Contents

[edit] History

The P90 was developed between 1986 and 1990 by FN in Herstal, Belgium in conjunction with the new 5.7x28mm cartridge. FN's goal was to replace the pistol-caliber submachine guns which were in use at the time by military and law enforcement personnel, as it had become evident that such weapons were ineffective against body armor.[3][9]

Initially the weapon was designed to use a 5.7x28mm cartridge called the SS90. The SS90 propelled a 23 grain plastic-core projectile from the P90 at a speed of roughly 2800 ft/s.[3] The first prototype firing this ammunition was completed in October 1986, and over 3,000 submachine guns were produced in this configuration until 1993 in a low-rate trial production mode.[10] The weapon saw its first use in service shortly after its introduction, in the 1991 Gulf War.[1]

Following the P90's introduction, FN revised the 5.7x28mm ammunition. The new cartridge, designated the SS190, used a projectile 2.7mm shorter in length than that of the SS90.[3] This allowed it to be used more conveniently in the FN Five-seven pistol also being developed at that time. This projectile also had a heavier weight and more conventional construction containing an aluminium core[3][11][12] and steel penetrator.[3][12] Several special types were also developed for the new cartridge, such as the L191 tracer round and a subsonic SB193 bullet for the sound-suppressed P90.[11] A modified version of the P90 with a magazine adapted to use the new ammunition was introduced in 1993.[13]

Further development has led to the creation of the P90 TR variant, which has a MIL-STD-1913 top rail system. This variant was introduced in 1999 and continues to be offered alongside the standard P90.[6] More recently, the P90 has been offered commercially in various configurations, as the FN PS90. This is a semi-automatic sporting version with a lengthened 407 mm (16.0 in) barrel.[14]

[edit] Design details

The P90 is a selective fire straight blowback-operated weapon with a short recoiling barrel and fires from a closed bolt.[1][2][3][4] The return mechanism consists of two parallel spring guide rods that also guide the bolt carrier assembly. The weapon's 10.39 inch hammer-forged steel barrel is fitted with a ported, diagonally cut flash suppressor that also acts as a recoil compensator.[15]

The weapon uses an internal hammer striking mechanism and a trigger mechanism with a three-position rotary dial fire control selector, located centrally beneath the trigger. The fire selector also provides a manual safety against accidental firing. The dial in the "S" position – weapon safe, "1" – semi-automatic fire, "A" – fully automatic fire. When set on "A", the selector provides a two-stage trigger operation. Pulling the trigger back slightly produces semi-automatic fire and pulling the trigger fully to the rear will produce fully automatic fire.[1][2][3] The "safe" setting disables the trigger.

The P90 is fully ambidextrous; it can be operated by right or left-handed shooters without making any modifications to the weapon. The charging handle, auxiliary fixed sights and magazine release are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the firearm. The manual fire selector below the trigger can be operated from either side. Spent cartridge casings are ejected downward through a chute located aft of the pistol grip, keeping fired cases out of the shooter's line of sight.[1][2][3]

The P90 is designed in the bullpup configuration which reduces the firearm's overall length while retaining a full-length barrel. The pistol grip with a thumbhole and oversized trigger guard act as the forward grip, and a handstop is incorporated into the weapon's stock to prevent the user from accidentally reaching out in front of the barrel during firing.[3] The P90 is a modular firearm and consists of 69 parts that disassemble into four main groups: the barrel with integrated sight assembly, receiver with return mechanism, stock body with trigger and firing mechanism and the magazine. The P90 makes extensive use of polymers and lightweight alloys to reduce both the weight and the cost of the weapon.[3]

[edit] Ammunition

Particularly significant to the design of the P90 is the 5.7x28mm cartridge created by FN specifically for use in it. This cartridge weighs roughly half as much as a typical 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge,[5][16][17][18] allowing extra ammunition to be carried more easily. It also exhibits a flatter trajectory[17][19] and produces roughly 30% less recoil,[17][18][20] improving controllability.

One of the design intents of the SS190 variant of this cartridge (not sporting variants) was that it has the ability to penetrate Kevlar protective vests such as the NATO CRISAT vest.[20] In testing in 1999 by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the SS190 fired from the P90 at a distance of 25 meters averaged 9.85 inches of ballistic gelatin penetration after passing through a Level II vest.[21] In testing done by Houston Police Department SWAT, the SS190 fired from the P90 typically exhibited between 11 and 13.5 inches of penetration in bare ballistic gelatin.[19] The SS190 and similar 5.7x28mm projectiles have been shown to yaw ("tumble") in testing in ballistic gelatin and other media,[16][17][19][20][22][23] using the .850 inch projectile length[24] to create a larger wound cavity. However, some are skeptical of the bullet's performance, questioning whether this behavior is sufficient to overcome the bullet's small diameter.[20]

Since the SS190 projectile does not rely on fragmentation or the expansion of a hollow point, the cartridge and gun are considered suitable for military use under the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which prohibit use of expanding or fragmenting bullets in warfare.[23]

[edit] Feeding

The patented horizontal magazine

The P90 uses a unique horizontally-mounted feeding system that was patented in the United States (U.S. Patent 4,905,394 dated March 6, 1990 and expired 2007), naming René Predazzer as the sole inventor.[25] The box magazine is mounted parallel to the bore axis and locks in place between the charging handles and optical sight, flush with the receiver top cover. It has a capacity of 50 rounds and it is clear plastic, so the user can see the amount of ammunition remaining.[1][3][4] The base of the magazine is located near the muzzle end, the feed lips above the barrel chamber in a circular bulge that contains the feed tray. Cartridges in the magazine body are double stacked to the left side. The magazine features a follower with rollers and a spiral feed ramp that will rotate a cartridge 90° to the right aligning it in a double stack pattern within the magazine.[1][3]

[edit] Sights and accessories

The P90 was originally equipped with an unmagnified HC-14-62 reflex sight from Ring Sights, which enabled quick target acquisition up to 150 metres (490 ft) and operation in low-level lighting conditions thanks to a tritium-illuminated aiming reticle.

Newer guns are fitted with the Ring Sights MC-10-80 sight designed specifically for the P90.[1][4] It uses a forward-aimed fiber optic collector to illuminate the daytime reticle, which consists of a large circle of about 180 Minute of arc (MOA), with a 20 MOA circle surrounding a dot in the center. The night reticle consists of an open "T" that is primarily illuminated by a tritium module or moonlight and ambient light drawn in by an upward-facing collector. The sight is adjustable for both windage and elevation and can be used with night vision equipment.[26] Auxiliary fixed iron sights are provided on both sides of the receiver's cast aluminium optical sight housing.[1][4]

The P90 can also be fitted with a laser aiming module integrated into the stock body beneath the barrel, or the Gemtech SP90 suppressor which has a length of 184 mm (7.2 in) and weighs 550 g (19 oz).[1] When proper ammunition is used, it reduces the sound signature of the weapon by 33 dB.[27][28]

[edit] Variants

[edit] P90 TR

The P90 TR variant was introduced in 1999.[6] It features a receiver-mounted triple MIL-STD-1913 rail interface system or "Triple Rail" (TR). There is one full-length rail on the top of the base and two rail "stumps" on the sides of the receiver. The side rails serve to mount accessories such as laser aiming devices or flashlights, while the integrated top rail will accept various optics with no tools or additional mounting hardware required.

[edit] P90 USG

The P90 USG variant is similar to the standard P90 with the exception of a revised optic system, developed based on input from the United States Secret Service and other government agencies. The aluminium sight uses a non-magnified black reticle that does not require ambient light.[29]

[edit] Laserex Models (P90 LV/P90 LIR)

The P90 LV and P90 LIR models add an integrated visible laser sight or infrared sight respectively.[1] They were introduced in late 1995.[30] Both units are manufactured by the Australian company Laserex Technologies. The laser's power switch is a green button located under the trigger grip. The lasers have three internal settings: "off", to prevent accidental activation, "low-intensity", for combat training and extended battery life, and "high-intensity" – for maximum visibility.[31]

A disassembled PS90, showing the major component groups: 1. trigger group, 2. barrel and optical sight assembly, 3. butt plate, 4. magazine, 5. bolt carrier and recoil assembly, 6. stock body and trigger. The standard P90 disassembles into similar main components.

[edit] Semi-automatic versions

The PS90 is a semi-automatic sporting version designed for the civilian market[14] and introduced in late 2005.[32] It has a 407 mm (16.0 in) barrel, an olive drab or black synthetic stock body, and an MC-10-80 reflex sight identical to that used on the standard P90. The MC-10-80 can be removed and replaced with a special top rail in order to use third party optics. The barrel has 8 right-hand grooves, a 1:7 twist, a rifled length of 376 mm and comes with a fixed "birdcage" type flash suppressor. The overall length of the PS90 is 667 millimetres (26.3 in). The trigger pull is rated at approximately 7 to 8 lb.[33] The receiver assembly is drilled and tapped to accept accessory Picatinny rails on either side. The front swivel sling mount is not included, and installation requires the barrel shroud to be unpinned and removed. It accepts the standard P90 50-round magazines, but is sold only with a 10 or 30-round magazine depending on local and state regulations. The PS90 weighs 2.9 kg (6.4 lb) empty and 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) with a fully loaded 50-round magazine.[9][32]

The PS90 TR, or Triple Rail, uses a different receiver assembly that is similar to the P90 TR.[34][35] The standard back-up iron sights are no longer present, and instead, the top of the receiver is machined to form a Picatinny rail. Two plastic side-rails are included for mounting lasers or tactical flashlights. The PS90 TR is also available with either an olive-drab or black polymer stock.[34][35]

Another semi-automatic variant is the PS90 USG[36][37], which like the standard P90 USG, replaces the MC-10-80 reflex sight with an unmagnified sight with a black ring aiming reticle. The PS90 USG is also available with either olive-drab or black furniture. Starting in 2009, the PS90 is also offered with a C-More Systems reflex sight, as the PS90 RD. This variant is also available in OD green and black furniture colors.[38][39][40]

[edit] Users

P90 in the hands of Cypriot National Guard during a parade in Larnaca.
Country Organization name Model Quantity Date
 Argentina Agrupación de Buzos Tácticos tactical diver group of the Argentine Navy[41][42][43][44] P90 _ _
 Argentina Gendarmería Nacional Argentina[45] _ _ _
 Austria Jagdkommando special group of the Austrian Army[46][47] P90, P90 TR 140 _
 Austria Kommando Militärstreife & Militärpolizei's close protection teams[48][49][50] P90 TR _ _
 Belgium Détachement d'Agents de Sécurité dignitary protection group[51][52][53] P90 53 _
 Belgium DSU counter-terrorist group of the Federale Politie/Police Fédérale[54][55][56][57] _ _ _
 Belgium Former Gendarmerie[58] P90 114 _
 Belgium Special Forces Group of the Belgian Land Component (used them in the 1991 Gulf War)[1] P90 _ _
 Belgium Aarschot local police force[59] P90 _ _
 Belgium Liège local police force[60][61][62] _ _ 2002
 Brazil Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais special forces unit of the Rio de Janeiro Military Police[63] _ _ _
 Canada Joint Task Force 2 special group of the Special Operations Forces Command[64][65][66][67] _ _ 2005
 Canada Halifax Regional Municipality police force in Nova Scotia _ _ _
 Canada Service de police de la Ville de Montréal SWAT in Montreal, Quebec _ _ _
 Cyprus Cypriot National Guard special forces[6][27][68][69][70][71][72][73] P90 350 2000
 Czech Republic Útvar Rychlého Nasazení of the Czech National Police[74][75] _ _ _
 Dominican Republic Cuerpo de Ayudantes Militares del Presidente de la República[76][77][78] _ _ _
 Dominican Republic Dominican Republic's counter-terrorist group[79] _ 150 2002
 Dominican Republic Military of the Dominican Republic[76][77][78][80] _ _ _
 El Salvador Comando Especial Antiterrorista[81] _ 350 2002
 France 1er Régiment Parachutiste d'Infanterie de Marine of the French Army[82] P90 _ _
 France COS special operations group[1] _ _ _
 France GIGN counter-terrorism group of the Gendarmerie Nationale[83][84][85][86] P90 TR _ _
 France RAID unit of the Police Nationale[87][88][89][90] _ _ _
 France Troupes de marine naval infantry regiment of the French Army[82] P90 _ _
 Germany BKA Sicherungsgruppe[citation needed] _ _ _
 Greece EKAM counter-terrorist unit of the Hellenic Police[91][92][93][94] _ _ _
 Guatemala Secretaría de Asuntos Administrativos de Seguridad de la Presidencia[95][96][97][98] P90 20 2009
 India Special Protection Group[99][100][101][102] assigned to the prime minister and other officials P90, P90 TR _ 2008
 Indonesia Kopaska tactical diver group of the Indonesian Navy[103] _ _ _
 Indonesia Kopassus special forces group of the Indonesian Army[103][104] _ _ _
 Ireland Army Ranger Wing[105] _ _ 2003
 Italy Col Moschin 9º Reggimento d'Assalto Paracadutisti of the Italian Army[106] P90 TR _ _
 Lebanon Forces de Sécurité Intérieure[107] _ _ _
 Luxembourg Unité Spéciale de la Police group of the Grand Ducal Police[47][108][109][110][111][112][113] P90 TR _ _
 Malaysia PASKAL special operations group of the Royal Malaysian Navy[114][115] _ _ _
 Mexico Estado Mayor Presidencial[116] _ _ _
 Mexico Fuerzas Especiales of the Mexican Navy[116][117][118] _ _ _
 Mexico Mexican Army's Special Forces[116][117][119][120] P90 _ _
 Netherlands Korps Commandotroepen unit of the Royal Netherlands Army[6][121][122][123][124][125][126][127] P90 TR _ _
 Netherlands Unit Interventie Mariniers of the Netherlands Marine Corps[121][122][128][129][130] P90 TR _ _
 Pakistan Special Service Group of the Pakistan Army[131][132] _ _ _
 Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Defence Force[133] _ _ _
 Peru Fuerzas Especiales group of the Peruvian Armed Forces[27][134][135][136] (used them in the rescue of hostages in the 1997 Japanese Embassy Hostage Crisis known as Operation Chavin de Huantar)[1][55][137][138][139] _ _ _
 Peru Peruvian Navy[140][141][142] P90 53 _
 Philippines Naval Special Warfare Group[143] _ _ _
 Poland GROM special operations formation[67][144][145][146] P90 TR _ 2007
 Poland Unspecified police force[147] P90 7 2007
 Portugal Grupo de Operações Especiais of the Polícia de Segurança Pública[148][149][150] _ _ 2002
 Romania Detaşamentul de Intervenţie Rapidă special operations group of the Romanian Military[151] _ _ _
 Saudi Arabia Special Emergency Force[3][27][136][152][153] P90 500 _
 Singapore Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation[154][155][156][157] _ _ 2002
 Spain GEO counter-terrorism unit of the Cuerpo Nacional de Policía[158][159] P90 TR _ _
 Spain Spanish Air Force special units[160] P90 _ _
 Suriname Suriname Armed Forces[79] _ ~1000 2001, 2002
 Taiwan[152][161] ___ P90 _ 1992
 Thailand Royal Thai Army special units[136] _ _ _
 Turkey Prime Minister's close protection teams[162][163] _ _ _
 Turkey Jandarma Özel tim-Özel Harekat Timi counter-terrorism group[163][164][165][166] _ _ _
 Ukraine[167] ___ P90 LV 30+ 2008
 United States Navy SEALs group of the United States Navy[162] _ _ _
 United States United States Secret Service[7][54][27][137][139][168][169][170][171][172][173][174] P90 TR _ ~2000
 United States Former Immigration and Naturalization Service[27] _ _ _
 United States Federal Protective Service branch of the ICE[61][137][175][176] P90 _ 2001
 United States Addison police department in Texas (first agency in the country to issue it to patrol cars)[169][170] PS90 TR 52 2007
 United States Alaska State Troopers in Alaska[177] P90 LV 9 _
 United States Birmingham Police Department SWAT in Alabama[178][179] P90 _ _
 United States Bryan police department SWAT in Texas[180] _ _ _
 United States Creve Coeur police department in Missouri[181] _ _ _
 United States Houston Police Department SWAT in Texas (first local law enforcement agency in the country to use the weapon)[19][139] P90 TR 5 1999
 United States Olathe police department ERT in Kansas[182] _ 23 2001
 United States Passaic County sheriff's department SWAT in New Jersey[22] _ _ 2002
 United States Richland County Sheriff's Department SRT in South Carolina[183] _ _ 2000
 United States Sioux Falls Police Department SWAT in South Dakota[184][185] _ _ _
 United States Zapata County sheriff's department in Texas[186] _ _ _
 Venezuela Bodyguards assigned to the Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores[187] _ _ _
 Venezuela COPEMI unit of the Bolivarian Armada of Venezuela[188] _ _ _
 Venezuela CSAR unit of the Venezuelan Air Force[188] _ _ _
 Venezuela Unspecified police force[189] _ _ _
 Venezuela Guardia Nacional[188] _ _ _
 Venezuela Venezuelan Army[188][190][191] _ _ _

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Diez, Octavio (2000). Armament and Technology. Lema Publications, S.L. ISBN 84-8463-013-7.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hogg, Ian (2002). Jane's Guns Recognition Guide. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-00-712760-X.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Marchington, James (2004). The Encyclopedia of Handheld Weapons. Lewis International, Inc. ISBN 1-930983-14-X.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. Salamander Books Ltd. ISBN 1-84065-245-4.
  5. ^ a b c Paulson, Al (November 1998). "On The Edge With the New FN P90 5.7 ×28 mm". Guns and Weapons for Law Enforcement. http://remtek.com/arms/fn/p90/data/concept.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-14. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f Gourley, S.; Kemp, I (November 26, 2003). "The Duellists". Jane's Defence Weekly (ISSN: 02653818), Volume 40 Issue 21, pp 26-28.
  7. ^ a b Baddeley, Adam (May 21, 2003). "NATO Delays Personal Weapon Choice". Jane's Defence Weekly - Infantry Equipment (ISSN: 02653818), pp 30.
  8. ^ White, Tim. (2009). FN PS90 Product Video. http://fnhusa.com - Official Website of FNH USA. 
  9. ^ a b Doc Random (March 16, 2008). "An In-Depth Look at the FN PS90". http://countryboyartillery.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56:an-in-depth-look-at-the-fn-ps90&catid=40:reviews-firearms&Itemid=59. 
  10. ^ "New P90 Round Puts FN on Road to the Next NATO Standard". International Defense Review (Switzerland), Volume 26 Issue 8 (August 01, 1993).
  11. ^ a b "FNH USA Ammunition - FN 5.7x28mm". http://fnhusa.com - Official Website of FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/ammo.asp. Retrieved 2009-12-23. 
  12. ^ a b "FN 5.7x28mm Ammunition". http://fnhusa.com - Official Website of FNH USA. 2008. http://www.fnhusa1.com/PDF/FNH08ammunition.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-23. 
  13. ^ Watters, Daniel E. (2000). "The 5.56 X 45mm Timeline: 1990-1994". http://thegunzone.com - The Gun Zone. http://www.thegunzone.com/556dw-10.html. Retrieved 2009-12-23. 
  14. ^ a b "FNH USA Semi-Automatic Carbines — PS90". http://fnhusa.com — Official Website of FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/family.asp?fid=FNF009&gid=FNG006. Retrieved 2009-10-19. 
  15. ^ "FN Tactical Weapons - FN P90". http://fnhusa.com - Official Website of FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/family.asp?fid=FNF012&gid=FNG007. Retrieved 2009-12-23. 
  16. ^ a b Detty, Mike (October 2008). "FNH 5.7x28mm Dynamic Duo". http://tactical-life.com - Special Weapons Magazine (Online). http://www.tactical-life.com/online/special-weapons/fnh-57x28mm-dynamic-duo. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 
  17. ^ a b c d "Big Scale Progress for Small Arms". http://global-defence.com — GDR Publications. http://www.global-defence.com/2002/weap-herstal.html. Retrieved 2009-10-20. 
  18. ^ a b Fortier, David. "Military Ammo Today". http://handgunsmag.com — Handguns Magazine. http://www.handgunsmag.com/ammunition/hg_militarytoday_200811. Retrieved 2009-10-19. 
  19. ^ a b c d Wall, Sandy (2002). "Spring 2003 Experiences with the FN P90 (Houston Police Department)". Hendon Publishing Co.. http://web.archive.org/web/20050310072413/http://www.trmagonline.com/Spring2003TR/spring2003experienceswiththefnp90.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-12. 
  20. ^ a b c d Fortier, David. "What’s All The Fuss About FN’s Five-seveN USG?". http://shootingtimes.com — Shooting Times Handgun Reviews. http://www.shootingtimes.com/handgun_reviews/fnusg_021207. Retrieved 2009-10-19. 
  21. ^ Cutshaw, Charlie (May 2006). "FN Herstal's Five-seveN Pistol". Tactical Response.
  22. ^ a b Humphries, Michael O. (May 2008). "Radical Tactical Firepower". Tactical Weapons. http://www.tactical-life.com/online/tactical-weapons/radical-tactical-firepower. Retrieved 2009-08-12. 
  23. ^ a b Bahde, Dave (November 2009). "FNH Five-seveN ODG 5.7×28mm". http://tactical-life.com - Combat Handguns. http://www.tactical-life.com/online/combat-handguns/fnh-five-seven-odg-57x28mm. Retrieved 2009-11-28. 
  24. ^ Sterett, Larry S. (2005). "FN 5.7mm Five-seveN Pistol Makes Civilian Model Debut". Gun Week. http://www.gunweek.com/2005/feature0110.html. Retrieved 2009-10-19. 
  25. ^ Rene Predazzer. "Top Mounted Longitudinal Magazine". US Patent. Google. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Sn0CAAAAEBAJ. 
  26. ^ "Ring Sights MC-10-80". http://ringsights.com — Ring Sights Official Website. http://www.ringsights.com/Products/sights/SightsDesc/MC-10-80.htm. 
  27. ^ a b c d e f Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN 978-0710628695.
  28. ^ "Gemtech SP-90 suppressor". Jane's Infantry Weapons. May 22, 2008. http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Infantry-Weapons/Gemtech-SP-90-suppressor-United-States.html. Retrieved 2009-12-24. 
  29. ^ "FN Tactical Weapons - FN P90 USG". http://fnhusa.com — Official Website of FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/model.asp?fid=FNF012&gid=FNG007&mid=FNM0035. Retrieved 2009-12-23. 
  30. ^ "Revolution in Slow Motion". International Defense Review (Switzerland), Volume 29 Issue 1, pp 13-14 (January 01, 1996).
  31. ^ "FN P90 Laser Target Designator". Remtek. 1999. http://www.remtek.com/arms/fn/p90/laser/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-23. 
  32. ^ a b Detty, Mike (January 01, 2008). "FNH USA PS90 Carbine". Police Magazine Online. http://www.policemag.com/Channel/Weapons/Articles/2008/01/FNH-USA-PS90-CARBINE.aspx. Retrieved 2009-10-14. 
  33. ^ Rodriguez, Greg. "FN's Fun 5.7 Firepower". http://shootingtimes.com — Shooting Times Magazine. http://www.shootingtimes.com/longgun_reviews/st_fnsfirepower_200811. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 
  34. ^ a b "FNH USA Semi-Automatic Carbines — PS90 TR OD Green". http://fnhusa.com — Official Website of FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/model.asp?fid=FNF009&gid=FNG006&mid=FNM0029. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 
  35. ^ a b "FNH USA Semi-Automatic Carbines — PS90 TR Black". http://fnhusa.com — Official Website of FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/model.asp?fid=FNF009&gid=FNG006&mid=FNM0016. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 
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