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The Eulsa Treaty or Japan-Korea Protectorate Treaty was made between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire on 17 November 1905, influenced by the result of the Russo-Japanese War. The treaty in effect made Korea a protectorate[citation needed] of Japan. This treaty deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty.[1][2][3] Later, in 1910, full annexation of Korea by Japan followed. This treaty, later, was confirmed to be fully null and void by Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea concluded in 1965. [4]
[edit] HistoryFollowing Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War, with its subsequent withdrawal of Russian influence, and the Taft-Katsura Agreement, by which the United States agreed not to interfere with Japan in matters concerning Korea, the Japanese government sought to formalize its sphere of influence over the Korean peninsula. Delegates of both Empires met in Seoul to resolve differences in matters pertaining to Korea’s future foreign policy; however, with the Korean Imperial palace under occupation by Japanese troops, and the Imperial Japanese Army stationed at strategic locations throughout Korea, the Korean side was at a distinct disadvantage in the discussions. On 17 November 1905, the Korean cabinet signed an agreement that had been prepared by Ito Hirobumi in the Deoksu Jungmyeongjeon, a European-style building that was once part of Deoksu Palace[3]. The Agreement gave Japan complete responsibility for Korea’s foreign affairs, and placed all trade through Korean ports under Japanese supervision. The treaty was enacted after it received the signature of five Korean ministers; (who have been reviled by later Korean historians as the Five Eulsa Traitors):
 Some officials, including most notably the Emperor Gojong of Korea, did not sign the treaty, which had led Korean historians to dispute the de jure legality of the treaty. The following, including the Emperor, are:
Nevertheless, it took effect immediately. Gojong sent personal letters to major powers to appeal for their support against the illegal signing[2][5]. As of February 21, 2008, 17 of which bearing his imperial seal have been confirmed sent by Gojong, including 7 of which are:
Afterwards, in 1907, Korean Emperor Gojong sent three secret emissaries to the second international Hague Peace Convention to protest the unfairness of the Eulsa Treaty. But the great powers of the world refused to allow Korea to take part in this conference. Not only the Emperor but the other Koreans protested against the Treaty. Jo Byeong-se and Min Yeong-hwan, who were high officials and led resistance against Eulsa treaty, killed themselves as resistance. Local yangbans and commoners joined righteous armies. They were called "Eulsa Euibyeong" (을사의병, 乙巳義兵) meaning "Righteous army against Eulsa Treaty" This protest, the lack of the Imperial assent, and the intimidation by Japanese troops during the negotiations have been used by later historians and lawyers to question the legal validity of the treaty, as being signed under duress, though the treaty remained uncontested internationally until Japan's defeat in World War II. This treaty laid the foundation for the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1907 in and subsequent annexation of Korea in 1910. The Eulsa Treaty and the subsequent unequal treaties between Korea and Japan were mutually declared "already null and void" explicitly by the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea of 1965. In a joint statement on 23 June 2005, officials of South Korea and North Korea reiterated their stance that the Eulsa treaty be null and void on a claim of coercion by the Japanese. [edit] NameIn the Korean calendar, eulsa is the Sexagenary Cycle's 42nd year in which the treaty was signed. In Japanese, the treaty is known under several names including Second Japan-Korean Convention (第二次日韓協約 Dai-niji Nitcho Kyōyaku), Isshi Hogo Jōyaku (乙巳保護条約) and Chosen Hogo Jōyaku (韓国保護条約). [edit] Sources
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