Epidermal growth factor Information & Epidermal growth factor Links at HealthHaven.com

Epidermal growth factor (beta-urogastrone)
	; Rainbow colored NMR structure (N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red) of the mouse epidermal growth factor.
Available structures
	human: 1JL9, 1IVO and 1NQL in complex with EGFR; mouse: 1EGF, 3EGF, 1EPG, 1EPH, 1EPI, 1EPJ; human EGF/TGF-α chimera: 1P9J; synthetic: 1A3P
Identifiers
Symbols	EGF; URG
External IDs	OMIM: 131530 MGI: 95290 HomoloGene: 1483 GeneCards: EGF Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• epidermal growth factor receptor-activating ligand activity; • calcium ion binding; • protein binding; • growth factor activity;
Cellular component	• extracellular region; • extracellular space; • nucleus; • plasma membrane; • integral to membrane;
Biological process	• activation of MAPKK activity; • activation of MAPK activity; • DNA replication; • chromosome organization and biogenesis (sensu Eukaryota); • epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; • positive regulation of cell proliferation; • branching morphogenesis of a tube; • regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation;
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs

edit

Epidermal growth factor or EGF is a growth factor that plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation by binding to its receptor EGFR. Human EGF is a 6045-Da protein with 53 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bonds.^[2]

[edit] History

The discovery of EGF won Stanley Cohen a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1986^[3] and was patented for cosmetic use by Greg Brown in 1989.^[4]

[edit] Function

EGF results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival.^[5] EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including submandibular gland, parotid gland. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis as well as mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and to physical, chemical and bacterial agents.^[6]

[edit] Source

Platelets, Macrophages, Urine, Saliva, Milk, Plasma.^[7]

[edit] Mechanism

Diagram showing key components of the MAPK/ERK pathway. In the diagram, "P" represents phosphate. Note EGF at the very top.

EGF acts by binding with high affinity to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the cell surface and stimulating the intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor (see the second diagram). The tyrosine kinase activity, in turn, initiates a signal transduction cascade that results in a variety of biochemical changes within the cell - a rise in intracellular calcium levels, increased glycolysis and protein synthesis, and increases in the expression of certain genes including the gene for EGFR - that ultimately lead to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.^[8]

[edit] EGF-family

EGF is the founding member of the EGF-family of proteins. Members of this protein family have highly similar structural and functional characteristics. Besides EGF itself other family members include:^[9]

Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α)
Amphiregulin (AR)
Epiregulin (EPR)
Epigen
Betacellulin (BTC)
neuregulin-1 (NRG1)
neuregulin-2 (NRG2)
neuregulin-3 (NRG3)
neuregulin-4 (NRG4).

All family members contain one or more repeats of the conserved amino acid sequence:

CX₇CX_4-5CX_10-13CXCX₈GXR C

Where X represents any amino acid.^[9]

This sequence contains 6 cysteine residues that form three intramolecular disulfide bonds. Disulfide bond formation generates three structural loops that are essential for high-affinity binding between members of the EGF-family and their cell-surface receptors.^[10]

[edit] EGF therapy

Because of the increased risk of cancer by EGF, inhibiting it decreases cancer risk.^[5] Such medications are so far mainly based on inhibiting the EGF receptor. Monoclonal antibodies are potential substances for this purpose.

[edit] Interactions

Epidermal growth factor has been shown to interact with Epidermal growth factor receptor^[11]^[12] and PIK3R2.^[13]

[edit] References

^ PDB 1a3p; Barnham KJ, Torres AM, Alewood D, Alewood PF, Domagala T, Nice EC, Norton RS (August 1998). "Role of the 6-20 disulfide bridge in the structure and activity of epidermal growth factor". Protein Science 7 (8): 1738–49. doi:10.1002/pro.5560070808. PMID 10082370.
^ Carpenter G, Cohen S (May 1990). "Epidermal growth factor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 (14): 7709–12. PMID 2186024. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/265/14/7709.
^ Hall K (1986). "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 - Presentation Speech". The Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/presentation-speech.html. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
^ US patent 5618544, "Method of decreasing cutaneous senescence", granted , assigned to Bays Brown Dermatologics Inc
^ ^a ^b Herbst RS (2004). "Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 59 (2 Suppl): 21–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.11.041. PMID 15142631.
^ Venturi S.; Venturi M. (2009). "Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health". Nutrition and Health 20: 119–134.
^ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
^ Fallon JH, Seroogy KB, Loughlin SE, Morrison RS, Bradshaw RA, Knaver DJ, Cunningham DD (June 1984). "Epidermal growth factor immunoreactive material in the central nervous system: location and development". Science 224 (4653): 1107–9. doi:10.1126/science.6144184. PMID 6144184.
^ ^a ^b Dreux AC, Lamb DJ, Modjtahedi H, Ferns GA (May 2006). "The epidermal growth factor receptors and their family of ligands: their putative role in atherogenesis". Atherosclerosis 186 (1): 38–53. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.038. PMID 16076471.
^ Harris RC, Chung E, and Coffey RJ. (2003). "EGF receptor ligands". Exp. Cell. Res. 284 (1): 2–13. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(02)00105-2. PMID 12648462.
^ Stortelers, Catelijne; Souriau Christelle, van Liempt Ellis, van de Poll Monique L M, van Zoelen Everardus J J (Jul. 2002). "Role of the N-terminus of epidermal growth factor in ErbB-2/ErbB-3 binding studied by phage display". Biochemistry (United States) 41 (27): 8732–41. ISSN 0006-2960. PMID 12093292.
^ Wong, L; Deb T B, Thompson S A, Wells A, Johnson G R (Mar. 1999). "A differential requirement for the COOH-terminal region of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in amphiregulin and EGF mitogenic signaling". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 274 (13): 8900–9. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10085134.
^ Gout, I; Dhand R, Panayotou G, Fry M J, Hiles I, Otsu M, Waterfield M D (Dec. 1992). "Expression and characterization of the p85 subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex and a related p85 beta protein by using the baculovirus expression system". Biochem. J. (ENGLAND) 288 ( Pt 2): 395–405. ISSN 0264-6021. PMID 1334406.

[edit] External links

EGF at the Human Protein Reference Database.
MeSH Epidermal+growth+factor
EGF model in BioModels database

[edit] Further reading

Boonstra J, Rijken P, Humbel B, et al. (1995). "The epidermal growth factor". Cell Biol. Int. 19 (5): 413–30. doi:10.1006/cbir.1995.1086. PMID 7640657.
Dvorak B (2004). "Epidermal growth factor and necrotizing enterocolitis". Clinics in perinatology 31 (1): 183–92. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2004.03.015. PMID 15183666.
Howell WM (2004). "Epidermal growth factor gene polymorphism and development of cutaneous melanoma". J. Invest. Dermatol. 123 (4): xx-xxi. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23308.x. PMID 15373802.

[pmid10082370-0] PDB 1a3p; Barnham KJ, Torres AM, Alewood D, Alewood PF, Domagala T, Nice EC, Norton RS (August 1998). "Role of the 6-20 disulfide bridge in the structure and activity of epidermal growth factor". Protein Science 7 (8): 1738–49. doi:10.1002/pro.5560070808. PMID 10082370.

[pmid2186024-1] Carpenter G, Cohen S (May 1990). "Epidermal growth factor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 (14): 7709–12. PMID 2186024. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/265/14/7709.

[urlThe_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine_1986_-_Presentation_Speech-2] Hall K (1986). "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 - Presentation Speech". The Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/presentation-speech.html. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

[3] US patent 5618544, "Method of decreasing cutaneous senescence", granted , assigned to Bays Brown Dermatologics Inc

[Herbst-4] Herbst RS (2004). "Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 59 (2 Suppl): 21–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.11.041. PMID 15142631.

[5] Venturi S.; Venturi M. (2009). "Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health". Nutrition and Health 20: 119–134.

[isbn0-7216-0187-1-6] Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.

[pmid6144184-7] Fallon JH, Seroogy KB, Loughlin SE, Morrison RS, Bradshaw RA, Knaver DJ, Cunningham DD (June 1984). "Epidermal growth factor immunoreactive material in the central nervous system: location and development". Science 224 (4653): 1107–9. doi:10.1126/science.6144184. PMID 6144184.

[dreux-8] Dreux AC, Lamb DJ, Modjtahedi H, Ferns GA (May 2006). "The epidermal growth factor receptors and their family of ligands: their putative role in atherogenesis". Atherosclerosis 186 (1): 38–53. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.038. PMID 16076471.

[harris-9] Harris RC, Chung E, and Coffey RJ. (2003). "EGF receptor ligands". Exp. Cell. Res. 284 (1): 2–13. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(02)00105-2. PMID 12648462.

[pmid12093292-10] Stortelers, Catelijne; Souriau Christelle, van Liempt Ellis, van de Poll Monique L M, van Zoelen Everardus J J (Jul. 2002). "Role of the N-terminus of epidermal growth factor in ErbB-2/ErbB-3 binding studied by phage display". Biochemistry (United States) 41 (27): 8732–41. ISSN 0006-2960. PMID 12093292.

[pmid10085134-11] Wong, L; Deb T B, Thompson S A, Wells A, Johnson G R (Mar. 1999). "A differential requirement for the COOH-terminal region of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in amphiregulin and EGF mitogenic signaling". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 274 (13): 8900–9. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10085134.

[pmid1334406-12] Gout, I; Dhand R, Panayotou G, Fry M J, Hiles I, Otsu M, Waterfield M D (Dec. 1992). "Expression and characterization of the p85 subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex and a related p85 beta protein by using the baculovirus expression system". Biochem. J. (ENGLAND) 288 ( Pt 2): 395–405. ISSN 0264-6021. PMID 1334406.

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