For other meanings of epic, see Epic. An epic (from Greek: έπος or επικό "word, story, poem"[1]) is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation.[2] Oral poetry may qualify as an epic, and Albert Lord and Milman Parry have argued that classical epics were fundamentally an oral poetic form. Nonetheless, epics have been written down at least since Homer, and the works of Vyasa, Virgil, Dante Alighieri and John Milton would be unlikely to have survived without being written down. The first epics are known as primary, or original, epics. Epics that attempt to imitate these like Virgil's Aeneid and Milton's Paradise Lost are known as literary, or secondary, epics. One such epic is the Anglo-Saxon story Beowulf.[3] Another type of epic poetry is epyllion (plural: epyllia) which is a brief narrative poem with a romantic or mythological theme. The term, which means 'little epic', came in use in the nineteenth century. It refers primarily to the type of erotic and mythological long elegy of which Ovid remains the master; to a lesser degree, the term includes some poems of the English Renaissance, particularly those influenced by Ovid. One suggested example of classical epyllion may be seen in the story of Nisus and Euryalus in Book IX of Aeneid. [edit] Oral epics or world folk epics The first epics were products of preliterate societies and oral poetic traditions. In these traditions, poetry is transmitted to the audience and from performer to performer by purely oral means. Early twentieth-century study of living oral epic traditions in the Balkans by Milman Parry and Albert Lord demonstrated the paratactic model used for composing these poems. What they demonstrated was that oral epics tend to be constructed in short episodes, each of equal status, interest and importance. This facilitates memorization, as the poet is recalling each episode in turn and using the completed episodes to recreate the entire epic as he performs it. Parry and Lord also showed that the most likely source for written texts of the epics of Homer was dictation from an oral performance. Epic: a long narrative poem in elevated stature presenting characters of high position in adventures forming an organic whole through their relation to a central heroic figure and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or race. Epics have nine main characteristics: - opens in media res.
- The setting is vast, covering many nations, the world or the universe.
- begins with an invocation to a muse.
- starts with a statement of the theme.
- the use of epithets.
- includes long lists.
- features long and formal speeches.
- shows divine intervention on human affairs.
- "Star" heroes that embody the values of the civilization.
The hero generally participates in a cyclical journey or quest, faces adversaries that try to defeat him in his journey and returns home significantly transformed by his journey. The epic hero illustrates traits, performs deeds, and exemplifies certain morals that are valued by the society from which the epic originates. Many epic heroes are recurring characters in the legends of their native culture. Conventions of epics: - Praepositio: Opens by stating the theme or cause of the epic. This may take the form of a purpose (as in Milton, who proposed "to justify the ways of God to men"); of a question (as in the Iliad, where Homer asks the Muse which god it was who caused the war); or of a situation (as in the Song of Roland, with Charlemagne in Spain).
- Invocation: Writer invokes a Muse, one of the nine daughters of Zeus. The poet prays to the Muses to provide him with divine inspiration to tell the story of a great hero. (This convention is obviously restricted to cultures which were influenced by European Classical culture: the Epic of Gilgamesh, for example, or the Bhagavata Purana would obviously not contain this element)
- In medias res: narrative opens "in the middle of things", with the hero at his lowest point. Usually flashbacks show earlier portions of the story.
- Enumeratio: Catalogues and genealogies are given. These long lists of objects, places, and people place the finite action of the epic within a broader, universal context. Often, the poet is also paying homage to the ancestors of audience members.
- Epithet: Heavy use of repetition or stock phrases: e.g., Homer's "rosy-fingered dawn" and "wine-dark sea."
Literate societies have often copied the epic format; the earliest European examples of which the text survives are the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes and Virgil's Aeneid, which follow both the style and subject matter of Homer. Other obvious examples are Nonnus' Dionysiaca, Tulsidas' Sri Ramacharit Manas. [edit] Notable epic poems  The first page of the Beowulf manuscript - This list can be compared with two others, national epic and list of world folk-epics.[4]
[edit] Ancient epics (to 500) - 20th to 18th century BC:
- 8th to 6th century BC:
- 5th to 4th century BC:
- 3rd century BC:
- 1st century BC:
- 1st century AD:
- 2nd century:
- 2nd to 5th century:
- 3rd to 4th century:
- 4th century:
- 5th century:
[edit] Medieval epics (500-1500) - 7th century:
- 8th to 10th century:
- 9th century:
- 10th century:
- 11th century:
- 12th century:
- 13th century:
- 14th century:
- 15th century:
[edit] Modern epics (from 1500) - 16th century:
- 17th century:
- 18th century:
- 19th century:
- The Tale of Kiều by Nguyễn Du (1800?)
- Thalaba the Destroyer by Robert Southey (1801)
- The Lay of the Last Minstrel by Walter Scott (1805)
- Madoc by Robert Southey (1805)
- Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (part 1 1806, part 2 c. 1833)
- Columbiad by Joel Barlow (1807)
- Milton: a Poem by William Blake (1804-1810)
- Marmion (poem) by Walter Scott (1808)
- The Lady of the Lake (poem) by Walter Scott (1810)
- The Vision of Don Roderick by Walter Scott (1811)
- The Curse of Kehama by Robert Southey (1810)
- Rokeby and The Bridal of Triermain by Walter Scott (1813)
- Queen Mab (poem) by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1813)
- Roderick, the Last of the Goths by Robert Southey (1814)
- The Lord of the Isles by Walter Scott (1813)
- Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1815)
- The Revolt of Islam (Laon and Cyntha) by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1817)
- Harold the Dauntless by Walter Scott (1817)
- Endymion, (1818) by John Keats
- The Battle of Marathon by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1820)
- Hyperion, (1818), and The Fall of Hyperion, (1819) by John Keats
- L'Orléanide, Poème national en vingt-huit chants, by Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes (1821)
- Don Juan by Lord Byron (1824)
- Prometheus Bound by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1833)
- Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz (1834)
- The Seraphim by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1838)
- Smrt Smail-age Čengića by Ivan Mažuranić (1846)
- Evangeline by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1847)
- Kalevala by Elias Lönnrot (1849 Finnish mythology)
- Kalevipoeg by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald (1853 Estonian mythology)
- The Prelude by William Wordsworth
- The Song of Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1855)
- La Fin de Satan by Victor Hugo (written between 1855 and 1860, published in 1886)
- La Légende des Siècles (The Legend of the Centuries) by Victor Hugo (1859-1877)
- Martín Fierro by José Hernández (1872)
- Clarel by Herman Melville (1876)
- The City of Dreadful Night by James Thomson (B.V.) (finished in 1874, published in 1880)
- Idylls of the King by Alfred Lord Tennyson (c. 1874)
- Eros and Psyche by Robert Bridges (1885)
- Canigó by Jacint Verdaguer (1886)
- Lāčplēsis ('The Bear-Slayer') by Andrejs Pumpurs (1888; Latvian Mythology)
- The Wanderings of Oisin by William Butler Yeats (1889)
- 20th century:
[edit] Other epics [edit] References [edit] See also - ^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=epic
- ^ Michael Meyer, The Bedford Introduction to Literature, Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005, p2128. ISBN 0-312-41242-8
- ^ "epic". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6 ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 2004.
- ^ According to that article, world folk epics are those which are not just literary masterpieces but also an integral part of the world view of a people, originally oral, later written down by one or several authors.
[edit] External links - Clay Sanskrit Library publishes classical Indian literature, including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, with facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.
- Humanities Index has notes on epic poetry.
- World of Dante Multimedia website that offers Italian text of Divine Comedy, Allen Mandelbaum's translation, gallery, interactive maps, timeline, musical recordings, and searchable database for students and teachers.
[edit] Bibliography |
