Between 1870 and 1872, the Football Association organised five representative association football matches between teams from England and Scotland, all held in London. The first of these matches was held at The Oval on 5 March 1870,^[1][2] and the fifth was on 21 February 1872.^[3] The matches, which were organised by C. W. Alcock, are the precursors to modern international football and referred to as internationals at the time,^[4] but are not considered full internationals by FIFA as the players competing in the Scotland team were almost all London-based Scottish players. They resulted in the 1872 match in Glasgow between Scotland and England which is recognised as the first international match.

[edit] The first match

The 1870 match was initiated by C. W. Alcock who placed advertisements in Scottish newspapers, including the following letter in the Glasgow Herald on 3 November 1870 regarding the second of the five fixtures:

"FOOTBALL. ENGLAND V SCOTLAND. Sir, will you allow me a few lines in your newspaper to notify to Scotch players that a match under the above title will take place in London on Sat 10th inst., according to the rules of the Football Association. It is the object of the committee to select the best elevens at their disposal in the two countries, and I cannot but think that the appearance of some of the more prominent celebrities of football on the northern side of the Tweed would do much to disseminate a healthy feeling of good fellowship among the contestants and tend to promote a still greater extent the extension of the game..."^[5]

The first match, then, was organised by the FA^[6] and resulted in a 1–1 draw. The match was delayed two weeks from its advertised date due to excessive frost which had made the ground "dangerously unfit for play"^[7] Alcock captained the England team whilst Scotland were lead by James Kirkpatrick. The match was 0-0 when the teams changed end at half-time - a rule that The Sporting Gazette of Saturday 12 March 1870 described as new - but Scotland took a lead through a goal by Robert Crawford after England had removed their goalkeeper. England fought back to score through A.J. Baker to salvage a draw before the end of the game.^[8]

5 March 1870	England	1 – 1	Scotland	The Oval, London
	A.J.Baker	(Report)	Robert Crawford

ENGLAND: C. W. Alcock (c) E. E. Bowen A.J. Baker W. C. Butler W. P. Crake E. Freeth E. Lubbock A. Nash J. C. Smith A. H. Thornton R. W. Vidal Team Selection: C.W. Alcock

SCOTLAND: James Kirkpatrick (c) Robert Crawford William H. Gladstone M.P. George C. Gordon Charles R. B Hamilton William A. B. Hamilton Arthur F. Kinnaird William Lindsay John Wingfield Malcolm M.P. A. Morten Kenneth A. Muir-Mackenzie Team Selection: Arthur Kinnaird

[edit] Subsequent matches

Original image entitled: "The International Football Match" of the 24 February 1872 England vs Scotland match from the Graphic newspaper of the same date. The English Rose is visible on the white shirt. The background shows the distinctive gasometer of The Oval

The following four matches were held on: 19 November 1870, 25 February 1871, 17 November 1871 and 24 February 1872. All matches were advertised in Scottish newspapers, but the players were drawn from those who played by Football Association rules - still limited at the time and largely consisting of only London-based Scottish players.^[9] England were victorious 1-0 in the November 1870 match, 2-1 in the November 1871 match and 1-0 in the February 1872 match; the February 1871 match was drawn 1-1. The only recorded attendance figure known is 650, from the second match.^[10] Formation data does not exist from three of the matches, but it is known that in the third^[11] and fifth matches^[12] both teams lined up with a '1-1-8' formation.

[edit] Player appearances

The following players appeared in the five matches:

Sortable table

Player	Club	Appearances (Goals)
Charles W. Alcock	Wanderers and Harrow Pilgrims	5
A.J. Baker	Nomads, Wanderers and Clapham Rovers	4 (1)
Edward E. Bowen	Wanderers	1
W.C. Butler	Barnes Club and Civil Service	2
William Crake	Harrow School, Barnes Club and Harrow Chequers	3
E. Freeth	Civil Service	1
Edgar Lubbock	Old Etonians and West Kent	5
A. Nash	Clapham Rovers	1
J.C. Smith	Crusaders	1
A.H. Thornton	Old Harrovians	1
Robert Vidal	Westminster School, Wanderers and Old Westminsters	5
T.N. Carter	Eton College XI	1
J. Cockerill	Brixton Club	2
Thomas Hooman	Wanderers	3
Walter Paton	Harrow School	1
H.J. Preston	Eton College XI	1
R.S.F. Walker	Clapham Rovers	3 (4)
Morton Betts	West Kent and Harrow Chequers	2
C.W. Stephenson	Westminster School and Wanderers	3
Albert Thompson	Eton College XI and Wanderers	2
Jarvis Kenrick	Clapham Rovers	1
P. Weston	Barnes Club	2
Alexander Bonsor	Wanderers	1
Charles Chenery	Crystal Palace	1
Charles Clegg	Wednesday	1 (1)
Charles Wollaston	Oxford University	1
Robert Crawford	Harrow School and Harrow Chequers	4 (1)
William H. Gladstone	Old Etonians	2
George C. Gordon	Nomads	1
Charles R.B. Hamilton	Civil Service	1
William A.B. Hamilton	Old Harrovians	1
Arthur Kinnaird	Crusaders and Wanderers	3
James Kirkpatrick	Civil Service	4
William Lindsay	Old Wykehamists, Rochester Club and Civil Service	5
John Wingfield Malcolm	London Scottish Rifles	1
Alexander Morten	Crystal Palace	1
Kenneth A. Muir-Mackenzie	Old Carthusians	2
Galfrid F. Congreve	Old Rugbeians	1
Quintin Hogg	Wanderers	2
Gilbert G. Kennedy	Wanderers	1
Charles Nepean	Oxford University	4 (1)
Henry W. Primrose	Civil Service	2
W. Raffay	Civil Service	1
Robert Smith	Queen's Park	3
John F. Inglis	Wanderers	1
F. Maclean	Rochester Club	1
Arnold Kirke-Smith	Civil Service and Oxford University	2
F.H. Crawford	Harrow Chequers	2
E.H.M. Elliot	Harrow Chequers	2
H.S. Ferguson	Royal Artillery	2
Hugh E. Mitchell	Royal Engineers	2
Henry Waugh Renny-Tailyour	Royal Engineers	1 (1)
E.V. Ravenshaw	Charterhouse	1
Henry H. Stewart	Wanderers	1
Charles M. Thompson	Cambridge University	1

[edit] Reaction and the creation of international football

Following the games, there was resentment in Scotland that their team did not contain more home grown players. Alcock himself was categorical about where he felt responsibility for this fact lay, writing in the Scotsman newspaper:

"I must join issue with your correspondent in some instances. First, I assert that of whatever the Scotch eleven may have been composed the right to play was open to every Scotchman [Alcock's italics] whether his lines were cast North or South of the Tweed and that if in the face of the invitations publicly given through the columns of leading journals of Scotland the representative eleven consisted chiefly of Anglo-Scotians ... the fault lies on the heads of the players of the north, not on the management who sought the services of all alike impartially. To call the team London Scotchmen contributes nothing. The match was, as announced, to all intents and purposes between England and Scotland".^[13]

Many of the players in Scotland did not play to the FA's rules at the time, inhibiting the possibility of a truly representative match between the two countries. Eventually, the FA decided in its minutes of 3 October 1872 note that:

The challenge was taken up by Queen's Park and this match, in 1872 is currently the earliest international football match recognised by FIFA as official international, though at the time it was considered as a continuation of the previous internationals.^[14] It continued to be many years before whole football teams travelled abroad for international games: even in the 1873 England v Scotland game, the first official match in England, only three Scottish players were not from English sides.^[15]

[edit] References