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Empress Bridge College - Article About Tarot at Empress Bridge empressbridge.com |
See also: List of current queens regnant A queen regnant (plural "queens regnant") is a qualifying reference to a female monarch (queen) possessing and exercising all of the monarchical powers of a ruler, in contrast to a "queen consort", who is the wife of a male reigning as monarch and who is without any official powers of state. In Ancient Egypt, Pacific cultures, and even in historical European countries, as noted below, women monarchs have been given the title king or its equivalent, such as pharaoh, when gender is irrelevant to the office. Also the Byzantine Empress Irene called herself basileus (βασιλεύς), 'emperor', rather than basilissa (βασίλισσα), 'empress'. And Jadwiga of Poland was crowned as Rex Poloniae, King of Poland. Among the Davidic Monarchs of Judea, there is mentioned a single queen regnant, Athaliah, though the Bible regards her negatively as an usurper. The much later Hasmonean Queen Salome Alexandra (Shlomzion) was highly popular. Technically a male king also may be a king regnant or a king consort—but this distinction is unusual and, for example, has been used only twice in the history of the British monarchy and its predecessor monarchies. In all current monarchies that allow a queen to take the throne, the husband of such a queen is not titled king, generally ranking as a prince. The husband of Queen Mary I of England and the first two husbands of Queen Mary I of Scotland were all created kings consort of their wives' realms. The husband of Mary II, Queen of England and Ireland, and Queen of Scots, was named king regnant co-sovereign with her, as William III and II. The latter arrangement was the only occasion of co-sovereignty in Britain. Accession of a regnant occurs as a nation's order of succession permits. Methods of succession to queendoms, kingdoms, tribal chiefships, and such include nomination when the sitting monarch or a council names an heir, primogeniture when the children of a monarch or chief become regents in order of birth from eldest to youngest, and ultimogeniture when the children become regents in the reverse order of birth from youngest to eldest. The scope of succession may be matrilineal, patrilineal, or both; or, rarely, open to general election when necessary. The right of succession may be open to men and women, or limited to men only or women only. The most typical succession in European monarchies from the Late Middle Ages through most of the twentieth century was male-preference primogeniture; i.e., the order of succession cycled through the sons of the monarch in order of their birth, followed by the daughters or grandsons. Historically, many realms forbade succession by women or through a female line in obedience to the Salic law, and some still do. No queen regnant ever ruled France, for example. Only one woman, Maria Theresa ruled the Holy Roman Empire, she held the title Holy Roman Empress first by marriage and was the de facto ruler for forty years. As noted in the list below of widely-known ruling queens, many ruled in European monarchies. In the waning days of the twentieth century, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands amended their acts of succession to primogeniture with no preference as to sex. In some cases the change does not take effect during the lifetimes of people already in the line of succession at the time the law was passed. In China, Wu Zetian became the Chinese Empress Regnant and established the Zhou Dynasty (also known as Wu Zhou 武周) after dismissing her sons and becoming the Empress Regnant. Although the Chrysanthemum Throne of Japan is barred to women, this has not always been the case; eight of the ruling empresses of Japan are listed below.
[edit] Partial list of queens regnantThe following is a list of some queens who are well-known from popular writings, although many ancient and poorly-documented ruling queens (such as those from Africa and Oceania) are omitted. A notable queen regnant of antiquity, the Queen of Sheba, had different names and even different locations were attributed to the kingdom of Sheba in various traditions, although the Biblical tradition did not give her name. [edit] Africa[edit] Ancient Egypt[edit] Indigenous dynasties 
[edit] Ptolemaic dynasties
[edit] Ethiopia[edit] Madagascar[edit] NubiaKandake was a title for queens, queen mothers, and queens consort in Nubia, but ruling Kandakes may have included
[edit] Asia[edit] East Asia[edit] ChinaThere has been only one empress regnant documented in Chinese history, Wu Zetian, but there have been many powerful empress consorts or empress dowagers, some of whom effectively ruled, as noted below. Powerful empress consorts or empress dowagers were de facto rulers, but not de jure empress regnants. A concubine who gave birth to a crown prince also could become empress dowager, although her status still was a little lower than an empress dowager who had been the former empress consort.
[edit] Japan
[edit] Korea
[edit] Mongolia
[edit] Viet Nam
[edit] Middle East [edit] Lydia[edit] Greater Iran
[edit] Ayyubid dynasty[edit] Judea
[edit] Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
[edit] South Asia 'Sarkar Amma' [edit] Madurai Nayak
[edit] Mamluk Dynasty
[edit] Princely StatesGowri Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore (ruled 1811-1814) The Begums of Bopal were several women who ruled the princely state of Bhopal in Central India in the 19th and 20th centuries.
[edit] Sri Lanka
[edit] Southeast Asia[edit] Aceh
[edit] Spanning Asia and Europe [edit] Byzantine Empire[edit] Georgia[edit] Europe.jpg) [edit] Bohemia
[edit] Bosnia
[edit] Denmark
[edit] Hungary[2]
[edit]
[edit] The Netherlands
[edit] Poland
[edit] Portugal
[edit] Russia
[edit] Spain, Castile, Aragon
[edit] Sweden
 [edit] UK, Commonwealth, England, Great Britain, Scotland
[edit] Oceania[edit] Hawaii[edit] Ancient
[edit] Kingdom
[edit] Tahiti
[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] External links | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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