A digital library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other media) and accessible by computers.^[1] The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. A digital library is a type of information retrieval system.

The DELOS Digital Library Reference Model^[2] defines a digital library as:

An organization, which might be virtual, that comprehensively collects, manages and preserves for the long term rich digital content, and offers to its user communities specialized functionality on that content, of measurable quality and according to codified policies.

The first use of the term digital library in print may have been in a 1988 report to the Corporation for National Research Initiatives^[3] The term digital libraries was first popularized by the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative in 1994.^[4] These draw heavily on As We May Think by Vannevar Bush in 1945, which set out a vision not in terms of technology, but user experience. The term virtual library was initially used interchangeably with digital library, but is now primarily used for libraries that are virtual in other senses (such as libraries which aggregate distributed content).

Wikiversity has learning materials about Curriculum on Digital Libraries

Contents 1 Types of digital libraries 1.1 Academic repositories 1.2 Digital archives 2 Leaders in the field 3 The future 4 Searching 5 Construction and organization 5.1 Frameworks 5.2 Digitization 6 Advantages 7 Problems 7.1 Digital preservation 7.2 Copyright and licensing 7.3 Metadata creation 8 References 9 See also 10 External links 10.1 General 10.2 Conferences 10.3 Tools

[edit] Types of digital libraries

The term digital library is diffuse enough to be applied to a wide range of collections and organizations, but, to be considered a digital library, an online collection of information must be managed by and made accessible to a community of users. Thus, some web sites can be considered digital libraries, but far from all. Many of the best known digital libraries are older than the web including Project Perseus, Project Gutenberg, and ibiblio^{[citation needed]}. Nevertheless, as a result of the development of the internet and its search potential, digital libraries such as the European Library and the Library of Congress are now developing in a Web-based environment. Public, school and college libraries are also able to develop digital download websites, featuring eBooks, audiobooks, music and video.

A distinction is often made between content that was created in a digital format, known as born-digital, and information that has been converted from a physical medium, e.g., paper, by digitizing. The term hybrid library is sometimes used for libraries that have both physical collections and digital collections. For example, American Memory is a digital library within the Library of Congress. Some important digital libraries also serve as long term archives, for example, the ePrint arXiv, and the Internet Archive.

[edit] Academic repositories

Many academic libraries are actively involved in building institutional repositories of the institution's books, papers, theses, and other works which can be digitized or were 'born digital'. Many of these repositories are made available to the general public with few restrictions, in accordance with the goals of open access, in contrast to the publication of research in commercial journals, where the publishers often limit access rights. Institutional, truly free, and corporate repositories are sometimes referred to as digital libraries.

[edit] Digital archives

Physical archives differ from physical libraries in several ways. Traditionally, archives were defined as:

1. Containing primary sources of information (typically letters and papers directly produced by an individual or organization) rather than the secondary sources found in a library (books, periodicals, etc);
2. Having their contents organized in groups rather than individual items;
3. Having unique contents.

The technology used to create digital libraries has been even more revolutionary for archives since it breaks down the second and third of these general rules. In other words, "digital archives" or "online archives" will still generally contain primary sources, but they are likely to be described individually rather than (or in addition to) in groups or collections, and because they are digital their contents are easily reproducible and may indeed have been reproduced from elsewhere. The Oxford Text Archive is generally considered to be the oldest digital archive of academic physical primary source materials.

[edit] Leaders in the field

Project Gutenberg, Google Book Search, Internet Archive, Cornell University, The Library of Congress World Digital Library, The Digital Library at the University of Michigan, and Carnegie Mellon University's Million Book Project are considered leaders in the field of digital library creation and management.

[edit] The future

Large scale digitization projects are underway at Google, the Million Book Project, and Internet Archive. With continued improvements in book handling and presentation technologies such as optical character recognition and ebooks, and development of alternative depositories and business models, digital libraries are rapidly growing in popularity as demonstrated by Google, Yahoo!, and MSN's efforts. Just as libraries have ventured into audio and video collections, so have digital libraries such as the Internet Archive.

According to Larry Lannom, Director of Information Management Technology at the nonprofit Corporation for National Research Initiatives, “all the problems associated with digital libraries are wrapped up in archiving.” He goes on to state, “If in 100 years people can still read your article, we’ll have solved the problem.” Daniel Akst, author of The Webster Chronicle, proposes that “the future of libraries—and of information—is digital.” Peter Lyman and Hal Varian, information scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, estimate that “the world’s total yearly production of print, film, optical, and magnetic content would require roughly 1.5 billion gigabytes of storage.” Therefore, they believe that “soon it will be technologically possible for an average person to access virtually all recorded information.”^[5]

In his TED Talk on building free digital library, Brewster Kahle describes his vision of a free digital library. This vision contains books, free music concerts, TV programs, a snapshot of World Wide Web, etc. The main point Kahle tries to convey to his audience is that the universal access to all knowledge is within our grasp. For instance, the largest print library in the world is the Library of Congress with 26 million volumes. Given that one book takes up approximately one megabyte, the Library of Congress would only take up about 26 terabytes, which is only equivalent to a $60,000 spinning Linux drive, a fair price for an entire library. Kahle also presents the invention of a bookmobile – a van with a satellite dish, a printer, binder, and cutter. A bookmobile has access to 1,000,000 books and it would only cost three dollars to download, print and bind a new book. These bookmobiles are currently running in rural areas of countries like India and Egypt printing books to children who wouldn’t normally be able to afford one.^[6]

[edit] Searching

Most digital libraries provide a search interface which allows resources to be found. These resources are typically deep web (or invisible web) resources since they frequently cannot be located by search engine crawlers. Some digital libraries create special pages or sitemaps to allow search engines to find all their resources. Digital libraries frequently use the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) to expose their metadata to other digital libraries, and search engines like Google Scholar, Yahoo! and Scirus can also use OAI-PMH to find these deep web resources.^[7]

There are two general strategies for searching a federation of digital libraries:

1. distributed searching, and
2. searching previously harvested metadata.

Distributed searching typically involves a client sending multiple search requests in parallel to a number of servers in the federation. The results are gathered, duplicates are eliminated or clustered, and the remaining items are sorted and presented back to the client. Protocols like Z39.50 are frequently used in distributed searching. A benefit to this approach is that the resource-intensive tasks of indexing and storage are left to the respective servers in the federation. A drawback to this approach is that the search mechanism is limited by the different indexing and ranking capabilities of each database, making it difficult to assemble a combined result consisting of the most relevant found items.

Searching over previously harvested metadata involves searching a locally stored index of information that has previously been collected from the libraries in the federation. When a search is performed, the search mechanism does not need to make connections with the digital libraries it is searching - it already has a local representation of the information. This approach requires the creation of an indexing and harvesting mechanism which operates regularly, connecting to all the digital libraries and querying the whole collection in order to discover new and updated resources. OAI-PMH is frequently used by digital libraries for allowing metadata to be harvested. A benefit to this approach is that the search mechanism has full control over indexing and ranking algorithms, possibly allowing more consistent results. A drawback is that harvesting and indexing systems are more resource-intensive and therefore expensive.

[edit] Construction and organization

See also Digital Collections Selection Criteria.

[edit] Frameworks

A digital library can be built around specific repository software. The best known examples of this are DSpace, Eprints, Fedora, dLibra(Poland), and Greenstone Digital Library Software. In 2009, Fedora Commons and the DSpace Foundation merged to create a new organization, DuraSpace^[8]

The Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) provides a framework to address digital preservation. ^[9]

Other formal frameworks include the DELOS Reference Model(Agosti, et al., 2006)^[10] and the Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, Societies (5S) formal framework (Gonçalves, Fox, Watson, & Kipp, 2004)^[11]

[edit] Digitization

In the past few years, procedures for digitizing books at high speed and comparatively low cost have improved considerably with the result that it is now possible to plan the digitization of millions of books per year for creating digital libraries.^[12]

See also Digitizing#Collaborative digitization projects.

[edit] Advantages

The advantages of digital libraries as a means of easily and rapidly accessing books, archives and images of various types are now widely recognized by commercial interests and public bodies alike.^[13]

Traditional libraries are limited by storage space; digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain it. As such, the cost of maintaining a digital library is much lower than that of a traditional library.

A traditional library must spend large sums of money paying for staff, book maintenance, rent, and additional books. Digital libraries may reduce or, in some instances, do away with these fees. Both types of library require cataloguing input to allow users to locate and retrieve material. Digital libraries may be more willing to adopt innovations in technology providing users with improvements in electronic and audio book technology as well as presenting new forms of communication such as wikis and blogs; conventional libraries may consider that providing online access to their OPAC catalogue is sufficient. An important advantage to digital conversion is increased accessibility to users. They also increase availability to individuals who may not be traditional patrons of a library, due to geographic location or organizational affiliation.

• No physical boundary. The user of a digital library need not to go to the library physically; people from all over the world can gain access to the same information, as long as an Internet connection is available.
• Round the clock availability. A major advantage of digital libraries is that people can gain access to the information at any time, night or day.
• Multiple access. The same resources can be used simultaneously by a number of institutions and patrons. This may not be the case for copyrighted material: a library may have a license for "lending out" only one copy at a time; this is achieved with a system of digital rights management where a resource can become inaccessible after expiration of the lending period or after the lender chooses to make it inaccessible (equivalent to returning the resource).
• Information retrieval. The user is able to use any search term (word, phrase, title, name, subject) to search the entire collection. Digital libraries can provide very user-friendly interfaces, giving clickable access to its resources.
• Preservation and conservation. Digitization is not a long-term preservation solution for physical collections, but does succeed in providing access copies for materials that would otherwise fall to degradation from repeated use. Digitized collections and born-digital objects pose many preservation and conservation concerns that analog materials do not. Please see the following "Problems" section of this page for examples.
• Space. Whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage space, digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain them and media storage technologies are more affordable than ever before.
• Added value. Certain characteristics of objects, primarily the quality of images, may be improved. Digitization can enhance legibility and remove visible flaws such as stains and discoloration.^[14]

[edit] Problems

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[edit] Digital preservation

The work needed to ensure that digital content is maintained and accessible into the future is beginning to be addressed.

Technological standards change over time and forward migration must be a constant consideration of every library. Migration is a means of transferring an unstable digital object to another more stable format, operating system, or programming language.^[15] Migration allows the ability to retrieve and display digital objects that are in danger of becoming extinct. This is a rather successful short-term solution for the problem of aging and obsolete digital formats, but with the ever-changing nature of computer technologies, migration becomes this never-ending race to transfer digital objects to new and more stable formats. Migration is also flawed in the sense that when the digital files are being transferred, the new platform may not be able to capture the full integrity of the original object.^[16] There are countless artifacts sitting in libraries all over the world that are essentially useless because the technology required to access the source is obsolete. In addition to obsolescence, there are rising costs that result from continually replacing the older technologies. This issue can dominate preservation policy and may put more focus on instant user access in place of physical preservation.^[17]

[edit] Copyright and licensing

Some people have criticized that digital libraries are hampered by copyright law, because works cannot be shared over different periods of time in the manner of a traditional library. The republication of material on the Web by libraries may require permission from rights holders, and there is a conflict of interest between them and publishers who may wish to create Web versions of their content for commercial purposes.

There is a dilution of responsibility that occurs as a result of the spread-out nature of digital resources. Complex intellectual property matters may become involved since digital material isn't always owned by a library.^[18] The content is, in many cases, public domain or self-generated content only. Some digital libraries, such as Project Gutenberg, work to digitize out-of-copyright works and make them freely available to the public. An estimate of the number of distinct books still existent in library catalogues from 2000BC to 1960, has been made.^[19][20]

The Fair Use Provisions (17 USC § 107) under copyright law provide specific guidelines under which circumstances libraries are allowed to copy digital resources. Four factors that constitute fair use are purpose of use, nature of the work, market impact, and amount or substantiality used.^[21]

Some digital libraries acquire a license to "lend out" their resources. This may involve the restriction of lending out only one copy at a time for each license, and applying a system of digital rights management for this purpose (see also above).

[edit] Metadata creation

The ability to find works of interest in large libraries is directly related to how well they are catalogued. While cataloguing electronic works digitised from a library's existing holding may be as simple as copying moving a record for the print to the electronic item, with complex and born-digital works requiring substantially more effort.^[22] While full text search can be used for some searches, there are many common catalog searches which cannot be performed using full text, including:

• finding texts which are translations of other texts
• linking texts published under pseudonyms to the real authors (Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain, for example)
• differentiating non-fiction from parody (The Onion from The New York Times, for example)

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• List of digital library projects
• Universal library
• Digital Library Architecture
• Digital obsolescence
• Digital preservation
• European Conference on Digital Libraries
• Electronic journal
• Institutional Repository
• National repository
• Open Content Alliance
• Repository (publishing)
• Book scanning

[edit] External links

This article's external links may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links. (November 2009)

[edit] General

• Digital library article at LISWiki, a Library and information science wiki
• BRICKS Building Resources for Integrated Cultural Knowledge Services
• Ross, Seamus. Challenges to Digital Preservation and Building Digital Libraries An introduction to building digital library.
• CNRI-DARPA: D-Lib Magazine Electronic publication that primarily focuses on digital library research and development
• DLI Digital Libraries Initiative web page
• Digital Library Federation - A consortium to develop an international network of digital libraries
• The Scope of the Digital Library
• Online version of Internetworking Technologies by Rahul Banerjee
  Deals with the architectures of leading digital libraries in the world (chapter 10)
• Digital Libraries, a book by William Y. Arms
• Gradmann, Stefan. Interoperability: A key concept for large scale, persistent digital libraries.
• IR Research, A collection of works regarding Institutional Repositories
• IFLA Digital Libraries, resources and projects
• PADI (Preserving Access to Digital Information) - A National Library of Australia initiative; PADI is a subject gateway to international digital preservation resources.
• DigitalPreservationEurope - An EU project for digital preservation practices

[edit] Conferences

• ECDL - European Conference on Digital Libraries
• ICADL - International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries
• JCDL - ACM and IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries
• ICSD - International Conference for Digital Libraries and the Semantic Web
• EUDL - European Union Digital Library

[edit] Tools

• Issuu.com is a free service for creating a library of digital editions. Also view Issuu.
• Repurposing Open Source Software for Agile Digital Image Library Development
• Digital Commons: Hosted Repository Platform
• University of Southampton: E-Prints for Digital Repositories
• MIT & HP: DSpace digital repository
• UNESCO: Greenstone Digital Library Software
• DL-Harvest DL-Harvest, an open access aggregator for Information Sciences
• BRICKS Framework BRICKS open-source framework for Digital Libraries
• Digital Library eXtension Service University of Michigan, Digital Library eXtension Service — digital library software system for full text books, image databases, finding aids, bibliographic data, etc.
• Fedora Commons Open source digital object repository and community.
• DSpace Open source digital object repository and community.
• Digital Preservation Management an online tutorial, developed by Cornell University Library, about Digital Preservation and the implementation of short-term strategies for long-term problems.