EgyptAir Flight 648

Hijacking summary
Date	November 23, 1985
Type	Hijacking
Passengers	92
Crew	6
Fatalities	60
Survivors	38
Aircraft type	Boeing 737-200[1]
Operator	EgyptAir
Flight origin	Athens (Ellinikon) International Airport
Destination	Cairo International Airport

EgyptAir Flight 648 was a Boeing 737-200^[2] airliner registered SU-AYH hijacked in 1985 by the terrorist Abu Nidal Organization. The subsequent raid on the aircraft by Egyptian troops led to dozens of deaths, making the hijacking of Flight 648 one of the deadliest such incidents in history. (Incidentally the same aircraft was diverted by the US Navy in 1985 after the Achille Lauro hijacking.)

Contents 1 The hijacking 2 Nationalites 3 Stand-off 4 The raid 5 Aftermath and criticism 6 In Popular Culture 7 References 8 External links

[edit] The hijacking

On November 23, 1985, Flight 648 took off at 9pm on its Athens to Cairo route. Ten minutes after take-off, five Palestinian members of the Abu Nidal Organization hijacked the aircraft. The terrorists, calling themselves the Egypt Revolution, were heavily armed with guns and grenades.^{[clarification needed]} The Terrorist Leader then proceeded to check all passports. It was at this point that an Egyptian Security Service Agent aboard opened fire, killing one terrorist instantly before being shot dozens of times. However, in the exchange of fire, the fuselage was punctured, causing a rapid depressurization. The aircraft was forced to descend to 10,000 feet (3,000 m) to allow the crew and passengers to breathe.

Libya was to be the original destination for the terrorists; however, due to the negative publicity the hijacking would have had if flown to Libya and the fact that the plane did not have enough fuel to reach Libya, Malta was chosen as a more suitable option. The aircraft was now running dangerously low on fuel, experiencing serious pressurization problems, and carrying a number of wounded passengers; however, the Maltese authorities still did not give permission for the aircraft to land (the Maltese government had already refused permission to other hijacked aircraft before, such as on September 27, 1982 when an Alitalia aircraft was hijacked on its way to Italy and had asked permission to land in Malta). However, the EgyptAir 648 terrorists who hijacked the plane insisted, and they forced the pilot, Hani Galal, to land at Luqa Airport in Malta. As a last ditch attempt to stop the landing, the runway lights were switched off, but the pilot still managed to land the damaged aircraft safely.

[edit] Nationalites

Nationality	Passengers	Crew	Total
Egypt	50	6	56
Greece	25	0	25
Israel	2	0	2
United States	9	0	9
Mexico[3]	2	0	2
Total	88	6	94

[edit] Stand-off

At first the Maltese authorities were optimistic they could solve the crisis. Malta had good relations with the Arab world and it had successfully resolved a potentially more serious situation 12 years earlier when a KLM Boeing 747 landed at the same place under similar circumstances. The Maltese Prime Minister, Dr. Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, rushed to the airport's control tower and assumed responsibility for the negotiations. Aided by an interpreter, he refused to refuel the aircraft and to withdraw the Maltese armed forces which had surrounded the plane until all passengers were released. At first, 11 passengers and 2 injured flight attendants were allowed off. However, the hijackers soon started shooting hostages starting with Tamar Artzi, an Israeli woman. France, Britain and the United States all offered to send anti-hijack forces. Omar Mohammed Ali Resaq, the chief hijacker, threatened to kill a passenger every 15 minutes until his demands were met. His next victim was Nitzan Mendelson, another Israeli woman; he then shot three Americans, Patrick Scott Baker, Scarlett Marie Rogenkamp and Jackie Pflug. Of the five passengers shot, only Mendelson and Rogenkamp died.

The Maltese prime minister was by now under heavy pressure both from the terrorists and from the United States of America and Egypt, whose ambassadors were at the airport. The non-aligned Maltese government was fearing that either the Americans or the Israelis would arrive and take control of the area, as the U.S. Naval Air Station of Sigonella was only 20 minutes away. When the U.S. told the Maltese authorities that Egypt had a special forces counter-terrorism team trained by the U.S. Delta Force ready to move in, they were granted permission to come. The Egyptian Al-Sa’iqa (Thunderbolt) 777 Combat Unit, under the command of Major-General Kamal Attia, was flown in, led by four American officers. Negotiations were prolonged as much as possible and it was agreed that the plane should be attacked on the morning of November 25 when food was to be taken into the aircraft. Soldiers dressed up as caterers would jam the door open and attack that way.

[edit] The raid

Without warning, around an hour and a half before the planned time of the raid, the Egyptian commandos attacked the passenger doors and the luggage compartment doors with explosives. Maltese Prime Minister Mifsud Bonnici claims that these unauthorized explosions caused the internal plastic of the plane to catch fire, causing widespread suffocation. On the other hand, the Times of Malta, quoting sources at the airport on the day, held that when the hijackers realized that they were being attacked, they lobbed hand grenades into the passenger area, killing people and starting the fire inside.^[4]

The storming of the aircraft killed 56 (out of the remaining 88) passengers, two crew members, and one terrorist. Only one terrorist still remained undetected by the Maltese Government, Omar Mohammed Ali Rezaq, who in fact survived. Rezaq the terrorist leader, who was injured during the storming of the aircraft, got rid of his hood and ammunition and pretended to be an injured passenger. The Egyptian commandos tracked Rezaq to St. Luke's General Hospital and holding the doctors and medical staff at gun point, they entered the casualty ward looking for him. It was not until some of the other passengers in the hospital recognised him that he was eventually arrested.

A total of 58 out of the 90 passengers had died by the time the crisis was over.

Rezaq was put on trial in Malta, yet with no anti-terror legislation, he was tried on other charges. There was widespread fear that terrorists would hijack a Maltese plane or carry out a terror attack in Malta as an act of retribution. Rezaq was given a 25-year sentence of which he only served eight. His release caused a diplomatic incident between Malta and the U.S. because Maltese law strictly prohibited trialling, in any jurisdiction, a person twice on charges connected to the same series of events (having wider limitations compared to classic double jeopardy). Following his immediate expulsion on release, he was nevertheless captured on arrival in Nigeria. After three months he was handed over to the U.S., brought before a U.S. court and sentenced to life imprisonment on October 7, 1996 with a no-parole recommendation.

[edit] Aftermath and criticism

In the book Massacre in Malta, John A. Mizzi writes:

“

Malta was faced with a problem it was ill-equipped to meet. The authorities took a firm stand in denying fuel to the hijackers but made no sensible provisions, through political bias and lack of experience, to meet the circumstances that arose from this decision. No proper team was set up at the outset to evaluate or deal progressively with the crisis, although only a few days previously an incident management course had been organized by a team of U.S. experts in Malta at the request of the government.[5]

”

Mizzi adds:

“

The Egyptian commandos were given too free a hand and they acted out of their mission with little regard for the safety of the passengers. They were determined to get the hijackers at all costs and the Maltese government's initial refusal for U.S. anti-terrorist resources (a team led by a major-general with listening devices and other equipment) offered by the State Department through the U.S. Embassy in Malta - a decision reversed too late - contributed in no small measure to the mismanagement of the entire operation.[5]

”

Mizzi also mentions how the Maltese soldiers positioned in the vicinity of the aircraft were equipped with rifles but were not issued ammunition. Furthermore, an Italian secret service report on the incident showed how the fire inside the aircraft was caused by the Egyptian commandos who placed explosives in the aircraft cargo hold, the most vulnerable part of the aircraft, as it held the oxygen tanks which blew up. During the hijacking, only the Socialist Party media and the State-controlled television were given information on the incident. Such was the censorship of the media that the Maltese people first heard of the disaster through RAI TV, when its correspondent Enrico Mentana spoke the following infamous words live on air via a direct phone call: "Parlo da Malta. Qui c'è stato un massacro ..." (I'm speaking from Malta. Here there's just been a massacre ...) Shortly before this broadcast, a news bulletin on the Maltese national television had erroneously stated that all passengers had been released and were safe.

Decisions taken by the Maltese government drew heavy criticism from overseas. The Greek government was angered by the outcome of the incident as "it expected the Maltese government to consult it before the commandos went into the attack."^{[citation needed]} Italian Interior Minister Oscar Luigi Scalfaro queried the Maltese handling of the hijacking and questioned whether Maltese authorities should have tried to stop the plane landing by switching off the runway lights adding that "not to give landing permission is a crazy risk."^{[citation needed]} He also questioned the Maltese method of negotiations saying that "a hijacker is not going to suddenly become a saint."^{[citation needed]} The fact that the Egyptian commandos had stormed the aircraft without the authorization of the Maltese Government and before special instruments had arrived from Italy to aid the attack showed that the Maltese Armed Forces had lost complete control of the situation at Luqa Airport.

The United States protested to the Maltese government of the time about the U.S. personnel sent to resolve the issue having been confined to the Air Squadron HQ and the U.S. Embassy in Floriana. The United States had seen the situation as so ‘hot’ that it had ordered a number of U.S. Naval ships, including an aircraft carrier to move toward Malta for contingency purposes.

Five days after Flight 648's hijacking, evidence emerged of continued Abu Nidal activity on the island. On November 29, 1985, the Egyptian Embassy in Malta sent the Maltese Ministry of Foreign Affairs an urgent note saying that "the Egyptian authorities had received information that a terrorist group composed of 5 to 7 persons and belonging to the Abu Nidal Organization were about to arrive in Malta to assassinate Omar Mohammed Ali Rezaq, the only surviving terrorist who at the time was under intensive medical care at St. Luke’s Hospital.^{[citation needed]} The Maltese government never produced any detailed report on the incident, with the only comprehensive account available coming from the Italian Secret Service.

[edit] In Popular Culture

The events of the hijacking were revealed in an account by an American survivor of the attack—Jackie Plfug—on the television program "I Survived", which aired April 13, 2009. This woman was shot in the head by the lead hijacker, but survived her injuries. She also relates details leading to the flight and the attack in her book, Miles to Go Before I Sleep.^[6]

[edit] References

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (February 2008)

[edit] External links

• BBC News - On This Day: Commandoes storm hijacked plane

v • d • e ← 1984 Aviation accidents and incidents in 1985 1986→ Eastern Air Lines Flight 980 (January 1) — Galaxy Airlines Flight 203 (January 21) — China Airlines Flight 006 / Iberia Airlines Flight 610 (February 19) — Polar 3 (February 24) — Aeroflot Flight SSSR-65856 (May 3) — TWA Flight 847 (June 14) — Braathens SAFE Flight 139 (June 21) — Air India Flight 182 (June 23) — Air India Flight 301 (June 23) — Aeroflot Flight 7425 (July 10) — Delta Air Lines Flight 191 (August 2) — Japan Airlines Flight 123 (August 12) — British Airtours Flight 28M (August 22) — Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808 (August 25) — Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105 (September 6) — EgyptAir Flight 648 (November 23) — Arrow Air Flight 1285 (December 12) Bold indicates incidents resulting at least 50 deaths (current article is always in bold) Orange color indicates the deadliest incident in 1985