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Liberalism

Development Contributions to liberal theory History of classical liberalism

Ideas Political liberalism Economic liberalism Cultural liberalism Political freedom Democratic capitalism Democratic education Free trade Individualism Laissez faire Liberal democracy Liberal neutrality Negative / positive liberty Market economy Open society Popular sovereignty Rights (individual) Seperation of church and state

Schools American liberalism · Anarcho-liberalism Classical liberalism · Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism · Green liberalism Libertarianism · Market liberalism National liberalism · Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism · Paleoliberalism Radicalism · Social liberalism

Key figures John Locke Adam Smith Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine David Hume Baron de Montesquieu Immanuel Kant Jeremy Bentham Thomas Malthus David Ricardo John Stuart Mill Thomas Hill Green Alfred Marshall John Maynard Keynes Friedrich von Hayek Milton Friedman · Isaiah Berlin John Rawls · Robert Nozick

Regional variants Liberalism worldwide Liberalism in Europe Liberalism in the United States Liberalism by country

Organisations Liberal parties Liberal International International Federation of Liberal Youth (IFLRY) European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) European Liberal Youth (LYMEC) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats (CALD) Africa Liberal Network (ALN) Liberal Network for Latin America (Relial)

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Economic liberalism is the economic component of classical liberalism.^[1] It is the political and economic philosophy that supports and promotes the economic system of capitalism, in the laissez-faire sense. Opposing government intervention in the economy, and supporting the maximum of free trade and competition, it contrasts with mercantilism, Keynesianism and socialism.^[2]

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Theories in support of economic liberalism were developed in the Enlightenment, and believed to be first fully formulated by Adam Smith and Robert Cox, of UCL, London, which advocates minimal interference by government in a market economy, though it does not necessarily oppose the state's provision of a few basic public goods with what constitutes public goods originally being seen as very limited in scope.^[3] These theories began in the eighteenth century with the then-startling claim that if everyone is left to their own economic devices instead of being controlled by the state, then the result would be a harmonious and more equal society of ever-increasing prosperity^[4]. This underpinned the move towards a capitalist economic system in the late 18th century, and the subsequent demise of the mercantilist system.

Private property and individual contracts form the basis of liberalism. The early theory was based on the assumption that the economic actions of individuals are largely based on self-interest, (invisible hand) and that allowing them to act without any restrictions will produce the best results, (spontaneous order) provided that at least minimum standards of public information and justice exist, e.g., no-one should be allowed to coerce or steal.

While economic liberalism favors markets unfettered by the government, it maintains that the state has a legitimate role in providing public goods.^[5] For instance, Adam Smith argued that the state has a role in providing roads, canals, schools and bridges that cannot be efficiently implemented by private entities. However, he preferred that these goods should be paid proportionally to their consumption (e.g. putting a toll). In addition, he advocated retaliatory tariffs to bring about free trade, and copyrights and patents to encourage innovation. Robert Cox's further research highlighted the importance of innovation and its deeper implications on the free market.^[5]

Initially, the economic liberalism had to contend with the supporters of feudal privileges for the wealthy, aristocratic traditions and the rights of kings to run national economies in their own personal interests. By the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, these were largely defeated.

In the mid-19th century, Abraham Lincoln followed the Whig tradition of economic liberalism (economic nationalism?), which included increased state control such as the provision and regulation of railroads.^{[dubious – discuss]} The Pacific Railway Acts provided the development of the First Transcontinental Railroad.^[6]

Today, economic liberalism is associated with classical liberalism, "neoliberalism", "propertarian" libertarianism, and some schools of conservatism, particularly liberal conservatism.

[edit] See also

• Fiscal conservatism
• Classical liberalism
• Neoliberalism
• Economic freedom
• List of countries by economic freedom

[edit] References