Coordinates: 40°06′N 94°39′E / 40.1°N 94.65°E / 40.1; 94.65 Dunhuang (Chinese: 敦煌; pinyin: Dūnhuáng, also written as simplified Chinese: 炖煌; traditional Chinese: 燉煌; pinyin: Dùnhuáng until the early Qing Dynasty) is a city (pop. 187,578 (2000)) in Jiuquan, Gansu province, China. It was a major stop on the ancient Silk Road. It is situated in an oasis containing Crescent Lake and Mingsha Shan (鸣沙山), "Echoing-Sand Mountain". Mingsha Shan is so named for the sound of the wind whipping off the dunes, the singing sand phenomenon.
Tang Period (618-907) Buddhist sutra fragment from Dunhuang
[edit] History
Following the Chinese victory over the Xiongnu in 121 BCE, the Chinese built fortifications at Dunhuang and sent settlers there. Dunhuang Commandery was probably established in 104 BCE, or shortly thereafter.[1]
"The Great Wall was extended to Dunhuang, and a line of fortified beacon towers stretched westwards into the desert. By the second century AD Dunhuang had a population of more than 76,000 and was a key supply base for caravans that passed through the city: those setting out for the arduous trek across the desert loaded up with water and food supplies, and others arriving from the west gratefully looked upon the mirage-like sight of Dunhuang’s walls, which signified safety and comfort. Dunhuang prospered on the heavy flow of traffic. The first Buddhist caves in the Dunhuang area were hewn in 353."[2]
. In later centuries, during the Han and Tang dynasties, it was a major point of communication between ancient China and Central Asia. Located in the western end of the Hexi Corridor near the historic junction of the Northern and Southern Silk Roads, it was a town of military importance. Although its name is mentioned as part of the homeland of the Yuezhi or "Rouzhi" (月氏) in the Shiji (史記), this mention has also been identified with an unrelated toponym, Dunhong.
Early Buddhist monks arrived at Dunhuang via the ancient Northern Silk Road, the northernmost route of about 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) in length, which connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an westward over the Wushao Ling Pass to Wuwei and on to Kashgar.[3] For centuries, Buddhist monks at Dunhuang collected scriptures from the West, and many pilgrims passed through the area, painting murals inside the Mogao Caves or "Caves of a Thousand Buddhas."[4] A small number of Christian artifacts have also been found in the caves (see Jesus Sutras), testimony to the wide variety of people who made their way along the Silk Road.
Today, the site is an important tourist attraction and the subject of an ongoing archaeological project. A large number of manuscripts and artifacts retrieved at Dunhuang have been digitized and made publicly available via the International Dunhuang Project. The expansion of the Kumtag Desert, which is resulting from longstanding overgrazing of surrounding lands, has reached the edges of the city.[5]
[edit] Climate
| Dunhuang |
| Climate chart |
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | average max. and min. temperatures in °C | | precipitation totals in mm | | source: Travel China Guide | |
Imperial conversion | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | average max. and min. temperatures in °F | | precipitation totals in inches | |
Dunhuang, being surrounded by high mountains, has an arid, continental climate. The annual average temperature is 9.3 °C (48.7 °F), but ranges from 24.7 °C (76.5 °F) in July to −9.3 °C (15 °F) in January. Dunhuang is extremely hot in summer and bitterly cold in winter. Precipitation occurs only in trace amounts and quickly evaporates.[6][7]
- ^ Hill (2009), p. 133.
- ^ Bonavia (2004), p. 162.
- ^ Silk Road, North China, C.M. Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
- ^ The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia, by Frances Wood
- ^ Ancient Chinese town on front lines of desertification battle, AFP, Nov 20, 2007
- ^ "Dunhuang Climate – Best time to visit". http://www.travelchinaguide.com/climate/dunhuang.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
- ^ Climate chart figures are estimates from Travel China Guide as exact data is unavailable
[edit] Further reading
- Baumer, Christoph. 2000. Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin. White Orchid Books. Bangkok.
- Beal, Samuel. 1884. Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang. 2 vols. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
- Beal, Samuel. 1911. The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973.
- Bonavia, Judy (2004): The Silk Road From Xi’an to Kashgar. Judy Bonavia – revised by Christoph Baumer. 2004. Odyssey Publications.
- Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu." 2nd Draft Edition.[1]
- Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. [2]
- Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
- Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
- Legge, James. Trans. and ed. 1886. A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-hsien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1965.
- Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [3]
- Stein, Aurel M. 1921. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. [4]
- Watson, Burton (1993). Records of the Grand Historian of China. Han Dynasty II. (Revised Edition). New York, Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08167-7
- Watters, Thomas (1904-1905). On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India. London. Royal Asiatic Society. Reprint: 1973.
[edit] Gallery
Sand dunes on the edge of Dunhuang | |
[edit] External links
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