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Direct-controlled municipality is the highest level classificiation for cities used by China, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam with status equal to that of the provinces in the respective countries. The People's Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China, the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in North Korea, the Republic of Korea in South Korea, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Vietnam adopt this system with some variations. South Korea official change the title of Directly-Governed Cities into Metropolitan Cities (Special City for Seoul) in 1991. Geographically and culturally, many of the municipalities are enclaves in the middle of provinces. Some occur in strategic positions in between provinces.
[edit] China and Taiwan[edit] HistoryThe first municipalities were the 11 cities of Nanjing, Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, Chongqing, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Hankou (now part of Wuhan), Shenyang, and Harbin when the ROC government ruled the China. They were established in 1927 soon after they were designated as "cities" during the 1920s. Nominally Dalian was a municipality as well, although it was under Japanese Occupation. These cities were first called special municipalities/cities (Chinese: 特別市; pinyin: tébíeshì)), but were later renamed Yuan-controlled municipalities (simplified Chinese: 院辖市; traditional Chinese: 院轄市; pinyin: yùanxíashì), then direct-controlled municipalities (simplified Chinese: 直辖市; traditional Chinese: 直轄市; pinyin: zhíxiáshì) by the Central Government. After the Chinese Communists took over mainland China in 1949 and established the PRC, Anshan, Benxi, and Fushun were made municipalities as well, while Qingdao, Dalian, and Harbin were reduced to provincial municipalities.[1] Hankou was merged to Wuhan. Hence there remained 12 municipalities in mainland China, until Dalian was elevated in 1950. In November 1952, Nanjing was reduced to a provincial municipality.[2] In July 1953, Harbin was restored to municipality status, along with Changchun.[3] Except Beijing and Tianjin, which were under central control, all other municipalities were governed by the greater administrative areas. In June 1954, 11 of the 14 municipalities were reduced to provincial municipalities; many of them became capitals of the provinces they were in. Only Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin were left, until Chongqing was restored in 1997 with a much enlarged area. Tianjin was also temporarily reverted to province-controlled status around the 1960s. Two municipalities in Taiwan were created after the ROC government took control following World War II. Taipei was made a Yuan-controlled municipality in 1967. The same was done for Kaohsiung in 1979. Promotion of Taichung[4] and Tainan[5] from the provincial city to the third and fourth municipality has been proposed and passed in 2009[6]. Since 1994, Yuan-controlled municipalities have been officially called direct-control municipalities to emphasize their autonomy. Besides significant political, economic, and cultural development, the ROC law dictates that a municipality must have population of over 1,250,000. [edit] List of defunct municipalities
[edit] People's Republic of China[edit] Position in hierarchyMunicipalities are the highest-ranked cities in the PRC. Some cities of lower levels may also refer to themselves as municipalities in the English language. Wikipedia's translation, however, refers to them using the following conventional terms: Three levels of cities in the People's Republic of China on Mainland China:
[edit] AdministrationIn mainland Chinese municipalities, the highest ranking government official is the Mayor. The mayor is also a delegate in the National People's Congress (the legislature).[7] and Deputy Secretary of the CPC Municipal Committee. However, the highest administrative authority in the municipality belongs to the Secretary of the CPC Municipal Committee or Party Secretary. [edit] Current PRC municipalities
[edit] Taiwan (Republic of China)
[edit] Position in hierarchyMunicipalities are the highest-ranked cities in Taiwan. Some cities of lower levels may also refer to themselves as municipalities in the English language. Wikipedia's translation, however, refers to them using the following conventional terms: Three levels of cities in the Republic of China on Taiwan:
[edit] AdministrationIn Taiwanese municipalities, the Mayor is the highest ranking official in charge. The Mayor is directly elected by the people registered in the municipality for a duration of four years. e.g. Mayor of Taipei. [edit] Current ROC municipalities
[edit] Approved ROC municipalities in 2010
[edit] Proposals for ROC municipalities[11]
[edit] Korea[edit] Democratic People's Republic of Korea[edit] Position in hierarchy Directly Governed Cities are the highest-ranked cities in North Korea. Three levels of cities in North Korea:
[edit] Current North Korean Directly Governed Cities
[edit] List of defunct Directly Governed Cities of North Korea
[edit] Republic of Korea
[edit] Position in hierarchySpecial City and Metropolitan Cities are the highest-ranked cities in South Korea. Three levels of cities in South Korea:
[edit] AdministrationIn South Korean special city and metropolitan cities, the Mayor is the highest ranking official in charge. The Mayor is directly elected by the people registered in the city for a duration of four years. e.g. Mayor of Seoul. [edit] Current South Korean special city and metropolitan cities
[edit] Vietnam [edit] Position in hierarchyCentrally-governed cities are the highest-ranked cities in Vietnam. Three levels of cities in Vietnam:
[edit] Current Vietnamese Centrally-governed cities
[edit] References
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