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The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. The DRI system is used by both the United States and Canada and is intended for the general public and health professionals. Applications include:

• Composition of diets for schools, prisons, hospitals or nursing homes
• Industries developing new food stuffs
• Healthcare policy makers and public health officials

The DRI was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). The DRI values are not currently used in nutrition labeling, where the older Reference Daily Intake are still used.

Contents 1 History 2 Current recommendations 2.1 Vitamins and minerals 2.2 Macronutrients 3 Calculating the RDA 4 Recent developments 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 8 References

[edit] History

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) was developed during World War II by Lydia J. Roberts, Hazel Stiebeling and Helen S. Mitchell, all part of a committee established by the United States National Academy of Sciences in order to investigate issues of nutrition that might "affect national defense" (Nestle, 35).^[1] The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for "energy and eight nutrients", and submitted them to experts for review (Nestle, 35). The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a "margin of safety." Because of food rationing during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account.

The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In the early 1950s, United States Department of Agriculture nutritionists made a new set of guidelines that also included the number of servings of each food group in order to make it easier for people to receive their RDAs of each nutrient.

[edit] Current recommendations

The current Dietary Reference Intake recommendation is composed of:

• Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group based on a review of the scientific literature.
• Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient by the Food and Nutrition Board to meet the requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. It is calculated based on the EAR and is usually approximately 20% higher than the EAR (See "Calculating the RDA", below).
• Adequate Intake (AI), where no RDA has been established, but the amount established is somewhat less firmly believed to be adequate for everyone in the demographic group.
• Tolerable upper intake levels (UL), to caution against excessive intake of nutrients (like vitamin A) that can be harmful in large amounts.

The RDA is used to determine the Recommended Daily Value (RDV) which is printed on food labels in the U.S. and Canada.

[edit] Vitamins and minerals

EARs, RDA/AIs and ULs for an average healthy 25-year old male are shown below. EARs shown as "NE" have not yet been established or not yet evaluated. ULs shown as "ND" could not be determined, and it is recommended that intake from these nutrients be from food only, to prevent adverse effects. Amounts and "ND" status for other age and gender groups, pregnant women, lactating women, and breastfeeding infants may be much different.^[2]

Nutrient	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	Unit
Vitamin A	625	900	3000	µg
Vitamin C	75	90	2000	mg
Vitamin D[3]	NE	200	2000	IU
Vitamin K	NE	120	ND	µg
Vitamin B6	1.1	1.3	100	mg
α-tocopherol (Vitamin E)	12	15	1000	IU
Biotin	NE	30	ND	µg
Boron	NE	-	20	mg
Calcium[3]	NE	1000	2500	mg
Chloride	NE	2300	3600	mg
Chromium	NE	35	ND	µg
Choline	NE	550	3500	mg
Copper	700	900	10000	µg
Cyanocobalamin (B12)	2.0	2.4	ND	µg
Fluoride	NE	4	10	mg
Folate (B9)	320	400	1000	µg
Iodine	95	150	1100	µg
Iron	6	8	45	mg
Magnesium	330	400	350a	mg
Manganese	NE	2.3	11	mg
Molybdenum	34	45	2000	µg
Niacin (B3)	12	16	35	mg
Nickel	NE	-	1.0	mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)	NE	5	ND	mg
Phosphorus	580	700	4000	mg
Potassium	NE	4700	ND	mg
Riboflavin (B2)	1.1	1.3	ND	mg
Selenium	45	55	400	µg
Sodium	NE	1500	2300	mg
Sulfate	NE	-	ND	-
Thiamin (B1)	1.0	1.2	ND	mg
Zinc	9.4	11	40	mg

^a From pill only, not including food and water intake. [However, sustained-release formulations exceeding this dose are well tolerated.]

EAR: Estimated Average Requirements; RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowances; AI: Adequate Intake; UL: Tolerable upper intake levels.

It is also recommended that the following substances not be added to food or dietary supplements. Research has been conducted into adverse effects, but was not conclusive in many cases:

Substance	RDA/AI	UL	units per day
Arsenic	-	ND	-
Silicon	-	ND	-
Vanadium	-	1.8	mg

[edit] Macronutrients

RDA/AI is shown below for males and females aged 40–50 years.^[2]

Substance	Amount (males)	Amount (females)
Waterb	3.7 L/day	2.7 L/day
Carbohydrates	130 g/day	130 g/day
Proteinc	56 g/day	46 g/day
Fiber	38 g/day	25 g/day
Fat	20–35% of calories
Linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid (polyunsaturated)	17 g/day	12 g/day
alpha-Linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid (polyunsaturated)	1.6 g/day	1.1 g/day
Cholesterol	As low as possible
Trans fatty acids	As low as possible
Saturated fatty acids	As low as possible
Added sugar	No more than 25% of calories

^bIncludes water from food, beverages, and drinking water.

^cBased on 0.8 g/kg of body weight

[edit] Calculating the RDA

The equations used to calculate the RDA are as follows:

"If the standard deviation (SD) of the EAR is available and the requirement for the nutrient is symmetrically distributed, the RDA is set at two SDs above the EAR:

RDA = EAR + 2 SD(EAR).

If data about variability in requirements are insufficient to calculate an SD, a coefficient of variation (CV) for the EAR of 10 percent is assumed, unless available data indicate a greater variation in requirements. If 10 percent is assumed to be the CV, then twice that amount when added to the EAR is defined as equal to the RDA. The resulting equation for the RDA is then

RDA = 1.2 × EAR.

This level of intake statistically represents 97.5 percent of the requirements of the population."[1]

[edit] Recent developments

In September 2007, the Institute of Medicine held a workshop entitled “The Development of DRIs 1994–2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges.”^[4] At that meeting, several speakers stated that the current Dietary Recommended Intakes (DRI’s) were largely based upon the very lowest rank in the quality of evidence pyramid, that is, opinion, rather than than the highest level – randomized controlled clinical trials. Speakers called for a higher standard of evidence to be utilized when making dietary recommendations.

[edit] See also

• Healthy diet
• Acceptable daily intake (UK standards for toxicity)
• Vitamin poisoning
• Canada's Food Guide
• Food guide pyramid
• Dietary mineral
• Essential amino acid
• Essential fatty acid
• Essential nutrient
• Nutrient
• Vitamin

[edit] References

1. ^ Contributions of Women Scientists in the U.S. to the Development of Recommended Dietary Allowances - Harper 133 (11): 3698 - Journal of Nutrition
2. ^ ^{a b} Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies, 2004, http://www.iom.edu/Global/News%20Announcements/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRISummaryListing2.ashx, retrieved 2009-06-09 
3. ^ ^{a b} Subject to change in May 2010, pending the results of an Institute of Medicine committee study on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium
4. ^ The Development of DRIs 1994–2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges. Workshop Summary, November 30, 2007

[edit] External links

• US Government Food and Nutrition Information Center list of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA, the deprecated nutritional recommendations)
• USDA RDA chart (PDF file)
• USDA Reference Daily Intakes
• Article comparing recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals in different countries from the European Union (PDF file)
• Differences in RDA set by medical authorities in the UK, the European Union and the USA.

[edit] References

Nestle, Marion. Food Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. ISBN 9790520224659.