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Types of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetes mellitus type 2 Gestational diabetes Prediabetes:    • Impaired fasting glycaemia    • Impaired glucose tolerance
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Diabetes management:    • Anti-diabetic drugs    • Conventional insulinotherapy    • Diabetic diet    • Intensive insulinotherapy Glossary of diabetes
Complications
Cardiovascular disease Diabetic comas:    • Diabetic hypoglycemia    • Diabetic ketoacidosis    • Nonketotic hyperosmolar Diabetic myonecrosis Diabetic nephropathy Diabetic neuropathy Diabetic retinopathy Diabetes and pregnancy

Diabetic myonecrosis is a rare complication of diabetes. It is caused by infarcted muscle tissue, usually in the thigh.

Contents 1 Epidemiology 2 Investigations and diagnosis 3 Treatment 4 Pathophysiology 5 Differential Diagnosis 6 References 7 Footnotes

[edit] Epidemiology

The mean age at presentation is thirty-seven years with a reported range of nineteen to sixty-four years. The mean age of onset since diagnosis of diabetes is fifteen years. The female:male ratio is 1.3:1. Other diabetic complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and hypertension are usually present. Its major symptom is the acute onset muscle pain, usually in the thigh, in the absence of trauma. Signs include exquisite muscle tenderness and swelling.

[edit] Investigations and diagnosis

Tissue biopsy is the gold standard. Macroscopically this reveals pale muscle tissue. Microscopically infarcted patches of myocytes. Necrotic muscle fibers are swollen and eosinophilic and lack striations and nuclei. Small-vessel walls are thickened and hyalinized, with luminal narrowing or complete occlusion. Biopsy cultures for bacteria, fungi, acid-fast bacilli and stains are negative in simple myonecrosis.

Creatine kinase is found to be normal. ESR is elevated. Planar X-ray reveals soft tissue swelling and bone scan shows non specific uptake. CT shows muscle oedema with preserved tissue planes (non-contrast enhancing). MRI shows increased signal on T2 weighted images within areas of muscle oedema. Arteriography reveals large and medium vessel arteriosclerosis occasionally with dye within the area of tissue infarction . Electromyography shows non specific focal changes.

[edit] Treatment

Treatment includes supportive care with analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. Exercise should be limited as it increases pain and extends the area of infarction. Symptoms usually resolve in weeks to months, but fifty percent of sufferers will experience relapse in either leg. The majority diagnosed with diabetic myonecrosis die within 5 years.[1]

[edit] Pathophysiology

The pathogenesis of this disease is unclear. Arteriosclerosis obliterans has been postulated as the cause, along with errors of the clotting and fibrinolytic pathways such as antiphospholipid syndrome.^[1]

[edit] Differential Diagnosis

A large number of conditions may cause symptoms and signs similar to diabetic myonecrosis and include: deep vein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, cellulitis, fasciitis, abscess, haematoma, myositis, pseudothrombophlebitis (ruptured synovial cyst), pyomyositis, parasitic myositis, osteomyelitis, calcific myonecrosis, myositis ossificans, diabetic myotrophy, muscle strain or rupture, bursitis, vasculitis, arterial occlusion, haemangioma, lymphoedema, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, cat-scratch disease, amyloidosis, as well as tumours of lipoma, chondroma, fibroma, leiomyoma and sarcoma.

[edit] References

• Wintz R, Pimstone K, Nelson S (Sep-Oct 2006). "Detection of diabetic myonecrosis. Complication is often-missed sign of underlying disease.". Postgrad Med 119 (3): 66–9. PMID 17128647. http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2002/01_02/wintz.htm.  - Case report
• Mousa A, Hussein S, Daggett P & Coates P (7–9 November 2005). "Spontaneous non-traumatic muscle pain in diabetes." (abstract page). Endocrine Abstracts 10: DP12. http://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0010/ea0010dp12.htm.  - Poster Presentation, 196th Meeting of the Society for Endocrinology, London, UK
• Subbiah V, Raina R, Kaelber D, Chung-Park M, Halle D, Mansour D & Perzy H (2004). "Diabetic Myonecrosis (Rare And Ominous Complication Of A Common Disease)" (PDF). American Medical Association Research Symposium. http://www.metrohealth.org/documents/patient%20services/MedPeds/DiabeticMyonecrosis.pdf.  - Poster presentation

[edit] Footnotes

1. ^ Reyes-Balaguer J, Solaz-Moreno E, Morata-Aldea C, Elorza-Montesinos P (April 2005). "Spontaneous diabetic myonecrosis.". Diabetes Care 28 (4): 980–1. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.4.980-a. PMID 15793211. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/28/4/980-a.