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The demographics of Russia is about the demographic features of the population of the Russian Federation, including population growth, population density, ethnic composition, education level, health, economic status, and other aspects of the population. The population of Russia is 141,915,979 as of 1 November 2009.[2] The population hit a historic peak at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union, but then began a decade-long decline, falling at a rate of about 0.5% per year due to falling birth rates and rising death rates. The population decline has begun to slow considerably in recent years, with the current growth rate at 0.01% in January–November 1, 2009.[3] According to the Russian Ministry of Health and Social Development, Russia recorded natural population growth for the first time in 15 years in the month of August 2009, with 1,000 more births than deaths.[4] Russia is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world, with over 160 nationalities living in the country. According to the 2002 census, Russians make up 80% of the total population, while six other nationalities have a population exceeding 1 million - Tatars (3.8%), Ukrainians (2%), Bashkir (1.1%), Chuvash (1.1%), Chechens (0.9%) and Armenians (0.8%). Russia's population density is 8 people per square kilometre (22 per square mile), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population is most dense in the European part of the country, centering around Moscow and Saint Petersburg. 73% of the population is urban. [edit] Declining population The population of Russia peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union. Lower birth rates and higher death rates reduced Russia's population at a 0.5% annual rate, or about 750,000 to 800,000 people per year during the late 1990s and most of the 2000s. The UN warned in 2005 that Russia's then population of about 143 million could fall by a third by 2050 if trends did not improve.[8] The number of Russians living in poverty has halved since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the improving economy had a positive impact on the country's low birth rate. The birth rate of Russia rose from its lowest point at 8.27 births per 1000 people in 1999 to a rate of 12.1 per 1000 in 2008. The fertility rate of Russia rose from its lowest point of 1.16 in 1999 to 1.49 in 2008. 2007 marked the highest growth in birth rate that the country had seen in 25 years, and 2008 marked the highest total birth rate since 1991.[9] For comparison, the US and UK birth rates in 2007 were 14.16 and 10.67 per 1000 respectively. While the Russian birth rate is comparable to that of other European countries, its death rate is much higher, especially among working-age males due to a comparatively high rate of fatalities caused by heart disease and other external causes of death. The Russian death rate in 2008 was 14.6 per 1000 citizens. For comparison, the US death rate in 2008 was 8.26 per 1000 and the UK death rate was 10.09 per 1000. The causes for this sharp increase in mortality are widely debated, with some academics citing alcohol abuse as the main culprit[10], and others citing the drastic and widely negative changes in lifestyle caused by economic reforms that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union. According to a 2009 report by The Lancet,[11] a British medical journal, mass privatization, an element of the economic-reform package nicknamed shock therapy, clearly correlates with higher mortality rates. The report argues that the advocates of the economic reforms ignored the human cost of the policies they were promoting, such as unemployment and human suffering, leading to an early death. These conclusions were criticized by The Economist.[12] According to the Russian demographic publication Demoscope[13] the rising male death rate was a long-term trend from 1960 to 2005. The only significant reversion of the trend was caused by Mikhail Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign, but its effect was only temporary. According to them, the rise of the death rate in the early 1990s was caused by the exhaustion of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign, while the marketing reforms were of only secondary importance. The authors also claimed the Lancet's study is flawed as they use 1985 death rate as the base, while it was in fact the very maximum of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign[13]. Government measures to halt the demographic crisis was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation address.[14] As a result, a national programme was developed with the goal to reverse the trend by 2020. Soon after, a study published in 2007 showed that the rate of population decrease had begun to slow: if the net decrease in January-August 2006 was 408,200 people, it was 196,600 in the same period in 2007. The death rate accounted for 357,000 of these, which is 137,000 less than in 2006. At the same time in the 2007 period, there were just over 1 million births in Russia (981,600 in the 2006 period), whilst deaths decreased from 1,475,000 to 1,402,300. In all, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.3 times, down from 1.5 in 2006. Eighteen of the 83 provinces showed a natural growth of population (in 2006: 16). The Russian Ministry of Economic Development expressed hope that by 2020 the population will stabilize at 138-139 million, and by 2025, to increase again to its present day status of 143-145, raising the life expectancy to 75 years.[15] The population decline has continued to slow through 2008 and the first nine months of 2009 due to declining death rates and increasing birth rates, bringing population growth to stagnation.[3][7] In September 2009, the Ministry of Health and Social Development reported that Russia recorded natural population growth for the first time in 15 years, with 1,000 more births than deaths in August.[4] [edit] Regional fertility ratesRussia's fertility rate has climbed from its lowest point of 1.16 in 1999 to 1.49 in 2008.[16] In 2008, 7 of Russia's federal subjects had total fertility rates (TFR) above 2.1 children per woman (the minimum required to ensure population replacement). These federal subjects are Chechnya (3.40), Tyva (2.68), Agin-Buryat Okrug (2.64), Altai Republic (2.48), Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug (2.73), Evenk Okrug (2.41), Komi-Permyak (2.12). Of these federal subjects, two have an ethnic Russian majority (Altai and Evenk). In 12 more federal subjects, the TFR was high enough to ensure population replacement in rural areas, but not so in urban areas. These federal subjects are: Buryat Republic (1.71 in urban areas/2.29 in rural areas), Sakha Republic (1.71/2.54), Chukotka Okrug (1.71/2.73), Nenets Okrug (1.76/2.87), Taymyr Okrug (1.38/3.94), Yamalo-Nenets Okrug (1.56/2.70), Republic of Khakassia (1.49/2.35), Republic of Komi (1.27/2.23), Karachay-Cherkessia (1.45/2.10), Tyumen Oblast (1.59/2.2), Koryak Okrug (1.27/2.34) and Irkutsk Oblast (1.59/2.39). Of these federal subjects, all but two have an ethnic Russian majority (Sakha and Karachay-Cherkessia). In most of the federal subjects in Siberia and the Russian Far East, the total fertility rates were high, but not enough to ensure population replacement. For example, Zabaykalsky Krai had a TFR of 1.82, which is higher than the national average, but less than the 2.1 needed for population replacement. Also rural areas reported higher TFR compared to urban areas. The difference is evident in Tyumen Oblast (1.59/2.20), Jewish Autonomous Oblast (1.50/1.86), Udmurtia (1.40/2.21), Kabardino-Balkaria (1.28/1.82), Amur Oblast (1.37/1.85), Perm Krai (1.40/2.15), Khabarovsk Krai (1.35/1.84), and Kaliningrad Oblast (1.32/1.74).[17] [edit] Ethnic groups Main article: Ethnic groups in Russia Further information: List of indigenous peoples of Russia Most Russians derive from the Eastern Slavic family of peoples, the origins of which very little is known.[18] The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2002 census, 79.83% of the population (115,889,107 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million):[19][20]
Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicites resolved by the 2002 census, grouped by language:[19][20]
 Some 1.6% of the population are ethnicities not native to the Russian territory. The census has an additional group of 'other' ethnicities of 42,980 (0.03%), including Hungarians, Czechs, Albanians, Japanese, Spaniards, Italians, Scandinavians and Romanians. An estimated 100,000 Africans either originating from Sub-Saharan Africa and North or South American nations are known to reside in Russia. Many of them came to Russia for college studies, while others were invited for political reasons or sought asylum. In the 1970s the U.S. media reported an African-American colony in Russia, estimated to number 20,000 voluntary migrants, made up of intellectuals involved in the Civil rights movement and the Soviet Union Communist Party.[citation needed] See also: Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, Detailed Table of 2002 census [edit] Gradient The demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. In 1970, Soviet Union had the third largest population of Jews in the world, estimated at 2,150,000, following only that of the United States and Israel. By 2002, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 230,000. A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. Predominantly these are European peoples like Germans, Czechs, Greeks and members of their families. The main destinations are the USA (Jews, Belarussians, Chechens, Meskhetian Turks, Ukrainians and others), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Poland (Poles and Jews), Canada (Finns and Ukrainians), Finland (Finns), France (Jews, Armenians and Romani) and the United Kingdom (mainly rich Russians).[citation needed] At the same time, Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, 200,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from the other republics of the former Soviet Union. In addition, There are an estimated 10 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.[21] There is a significant inflow of ethnic Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, and Ukrainians into big Russian cities, something that is viewed very unfavorably by many citizens and even gives rise to nationalist sentiments.[22] Some Chinese flee the overpopulation and birth control regulations of their home country and settle in the Far East and in southern Siberia. Many immigrant ethnic groups have much higher birth rates than native Russians, further shifting the balance. [edit] Median age and fertilityMedian ages of ethnic groups vary considerably between groups. Ethnic Russians and other Slavic and Finnic groups have higher median age compared to the Caucasian groups. Median ages are strongly correlated with fertility rates, ethnic groups with higher fertility rates have lower median ages, and vice versa. For example, in 2002, in the ethnic group with the lowest median age - Ingush - women 35 or older had, on average, 4.05 children; in the ethnic group with the highest median age - Jews - women 35 or older averaged only 1.37 children.[23] Ethnic Jews have both the highest median age and the lowest fertility rate; this is a consequence of Jewish emigration.[citation needed] Ethnic Russians represent a significant deviation from the pattern, with second lowest fertility rate of all major groups, but relatively low median age (37.6 years). This phenomenon is at least partly due to the fact that children from mixed marriages are often registered as ethnic Russians in the census.[citation needed] The following table shows the variation in median age and fertility rates according to 2002 census.[24]
[edit] LanguagesRussian is the common official language throughout Russia understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. National subdivisions of Russia have additional official languages (see their respective articles). There are more than 100 languages spoken in Russia, many of which are in danger of extinction. [edit] ReligionMain article: Religion in Russia  The most widespread religion in Russia is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, represented by the Russian Orthodox Church. Since the end of Soviet rule, up to 60% of citizens of Russia, including up to 80% of ethnic Russians, have identified themselves as Orthodox. Of these approximately 2-4%[25] of the general population are integrated into church life (воцерковленные), while others attend on a less regular basis or not at all. Many non-religious ethnic Russians identify with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons [26]. The Second largest religion is Islam, whose followers are estimated to comprise 10-15% of the population (according to a poll - 6%[citation needed]). The majority of Muslims live in the Volga-Urals region and the North Caucasus, although Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and parts of Siberia also have sizable Muslim populations.[25][27] Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include Roman Catholicism (approx. 1%), Baptists, Pentecostals, Lutherans and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) and Old Believers. There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Krishnaism, as well. Shamanism and other pagan beliefs are present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions. [edit] EducationMain article: Education in Russia [edit] Literacydefinition: age 15 and over can read and write Russia's free, widespread and in-depth educational system, inherited with almost no changes from the Soviet Union, has produced nearly 100% literacy. 97% of children receive their compulsory 9-year basic or complete 11-year education in Russian.[citation needed] Other languages are also used in their respective republics, for instance Tatar (1%), Yakut (0.4%) etc.[citation needed] About 3 million students attend Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high order.[28] The number of physicians in relation to the population is high by world standards, although medical care in Russia, even in major cities, is generally below Western standards[citation needed]. [edit] Labour forceThe Russian labour force is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well-educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. The unemployment rate in Russia was 8.1% as of 2009. Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. However, since recovering from the 1998 economic crisis, the standard of living has been on the rise. As of 2007 about 15% of the population was living below the poverty line, compared to 40% in 1999.[29][30] The average yearly salary in Russia was $7,680 (about $13,800 PPP) as of May 2008, up from $455 per year in August 1999.[31][32] [edit] HealthMain article: Health in Russia In 2008, 1,185,993, or 57% of all deaths in Russia were caused by cardiovascular disease. The second leading cause of death was cancer which claimed 289,257 lives (14%). External causes of death such as suicide (1.8%), road accidents (1.7%), murders (1.1%), accidental alcohol poisoning (1.1%), and accidental drowning (0.5%), claimed 244,463 lives in total (11%). Other major causes of death were diseases of the digestive system (4.3%), respiratory disease (3.8%), infectious and parasitic diseases (1.6%), and tuberculosis (1.2%).[35] The infant mortality rate in 2008 was 8.5 deaths per 1,000, down from 9.6 in 2007. As of 2008, the average life expectancy in Russia was 61.83 years for males and 74.16 years for females.[36] The average Russian life expectancy of 67.88 years at birth is nearly 11 years shorter than the overall average figure for the European Union, or the United States.[37] The largest contributing factor to the relatively low life expectancy is high mortality among working-age males due to preventable causes such as accidents, alcohol poisoning, violent crimes, heart disease etc.[citation needed] Some infectious diseases are also implicated, such as AIDS/HIV and tuberculosis, which became more widespread in Russia in the 1990s because of the deterioration in the healthcare system. In the late 1950s, the USSR had a higher life expectancy than the United States,[38] but the Soviet Union has lagged behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s. The life expectancy was about 70 in 1986[39], prior to the transition-induced disruption of the healthcare system. The turmoil in the early 1990s caused life expectancy in Russia to steadily decrease while it was steadily increasing in the rest of the world. Recently however, Russian life expectancy has again begun to rise. Between 2005-2008 the male life expectancy in Russia rose by three years, increasing the overall life expectancy by 2.5 years to 67.88.[36] [edit] AbortionsIn the 1980s only 8-10% of married Russian women of reproductive age used hormonal and intrauterine contraception methods, compared to 20-40% in developed countries. This lead to much higher abortion rates in Russia compared to developed countries: in the 1980s Russia had a figure of 120 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age compared with only 20 per 1,000 in Western countries. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union many changes took place, such as the demonopolization of the market for contraceptive drugs and media liberalization, which lead to a rapid conversion to more efficient pregnancy control practices. Abortion rates fell in the first half of the 1990s for the first time in Russia's history, even despite declining fertility rates. From the early 1990s to 2006, the number of expected abortions per women during her lifetime fell by nearly 2.5 times, from 3.4 to 1.2. As of 2004, the share of women of reproductive age using hormonal or intrauterine birth control methods was about 46% (29% intrauterine, 17% hormonal).[40] Despite clear progress in family planning, the target of desired children at the desired time for a large portion of Russian families has not yet been achieved. According to a 2004 study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were "undesired". The share of unexpected pregnancies remains much lower in countries with developed family planning culture, such as The Netherlands, whose percentage of unwanted pregnancies 20 years ago was twice lower than in Russia today.[40] [edit] Main citiesMoscow is the largest city (population 10.4 million) and is the capital of the Federation. Moscow continues to be the centre of Russian Government and is increasingly important as an economic and business centre. Its cultural tradition is rich, and there are many museums devoted to art, literature, music, dance, history, and science. It has hundreds of churches and dozens of notable cathedrals; it has become Russia's principal magnet for foreign investment and business presence. Saint Petersburg (population 4.7 million), established in 1703 by Peter the Great as the capital of the Russian Empire, was called Petrograd during World War I and Leningrad after 1924. In 1991, as the result of a city referendum, it was renamed Saint Petersburg. Under the Tsars, the city was Russia's cultural, intellectual, financial, and industrial centre. After the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, the city's political significance declined, but it remained a cultural, scientific, and military-industrial centre. Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, a major industrial city and a transportation hub. The most prominent Russian university outside Moscow and Saint Petersburg—Novosibirsk State University—is located in a suburb of Novosibirsk. Vladivostok, located in the Russian Far East, is becoming an important centre for trade with the Pacific Rim countries.
[edit] Rural life
Rural life in Russia is distinct from many other nations. In many ways it is similar to rural America in that Russia is one of few nations that have small towns hundreds of kilometres from major population centres. Villages close to larger cities are usually similar to American suburbs. However, villages far from towns are classified by poor living conditions: low salaries, well water, lack of heating equipment, and sometimes lack of electricity (mostly in Siberia). Sanitation and hygiene is also very poor in some areas that completely lack any plumbing whatsoever. Relatively few Russian people live in villages, called derevnyas in Russian (rural population accounted for 27% of the total population according to the 2002 Russian Census[42]). Some people rent village houses and use them as dachas, summer houses. Most people in Russia live in the major urban areas. [edit] Demographic statistics [edit] Population
[edit] Population density
[edit] Population distribution
[edit] Population growth rate
[edit] Natural population growth rate
[edit] Births
[edit] Deaths
[edit] Birth rate
[edit] Death rate
[edit] Total fertility rate
[edit] Life expectancy at birthtotal population: 67.88 years [edit] Infant mortality ratetotal: 8.5 deaths/1,000 live births [edit] Under-five mortality rate
[edit] Median agetotal: 38.8 years [edit] Age structure0–14 years: 14.9% (male 10,806,895/female 10,285,532) [edit] Sex ratioat birth: 1.05 male(s)/female [edit] Net migration rate
[edit] See also[edit] References
[edit] External links
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