Armenian refugees collected near the body of a dead horse at Deir ez-Zor

Coordinates: 35°51′N 38°43′E / 35.85°N 38.717°E / 35.85; 38.717 Deir ez-Zor camps were a great "killing center"^[1] in the heart of the Syrian desert where many thousands of Armenian refugees were forced into death marches during the Armenian Genocide. The US vice-consul in Aleppo, Jesse B. Jackson, estimated that Armenian refugees, as far east as Deir ez-Zor and south of Damascus, numbered 150.000, all of whom were virtually destitute.^[2]

[edit] History

Location of Deyr-i Zor Vilayeti in the Ottoman Empire (1900)

Armenian Genocide Background: Armenians in the Ottoman Empire · Armenian Question · Hamidian Massacres · Zeitun Resistance (1895) · 1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover · Yıldız Attempt · Adana Massacre · Young Turk Revolution The Genocide Congress at Erzurum · Red Sunday · Tehcir Law · Labour battalion Deportation: Centers: All the settlements at Western Armenia Camps:Deir ez-Zor · Foreign aid and relief:ACRNE · NARC Resistance: Zeitun · Van · Musa Dagh · Urfa · Shabin-Karahisar Responsible parties: Young Turks: Committee of Union and Progress (Talat · Enver · Djemal · Behaeddin Shakir) · Teskilati Mahsusa · (Reşit Bey · Cevdet Bey · Topal Osman) Kurdish Irregulars Trials: Courts-Martial  · Malta Tribunals  · Soghomon Tehlirian Armenian Population Population · Casualties See Also Armenian militia · Operation Nemesis · Recognition · Denial · Timeline  v • d • e

Those Armenians who survived during the genocide in 1915-1916 were driven onwards in two directions – either towards Damascus, or along the Euphrates to Deir ez-Zor. During the early period of massacres 30,000 Armenians were encamped in various camps outside the town of Deir ez-Zor under the protection of the Arab governor Ali Suad Bey, for what the Ottoman authorities decided to replace him by Zeki Bey, who was known for his cruelty and barbarity.^[3] When the refugees, including women and children, reached Deir ez-Zor, they cooked grass, ate dead birds,^[4], and although there was a cave near the Deir ez-Zor for prisoners to store until they starved, no "camp" seems ever to have been planned for the Armenians.^[5]

According to Minority Rights Group,

"Those who survived the long journey south were herded into huge open-air concentration camps, the grimmest of which was Deir-ez-Zor... where they were starved and killed by sadistic guards. A small number escaped through the secret protection of friendly Arabs from villages in Northern Syria".^[6]

According to Christopher J. Walker, "'Deportation' was just a euphemism for mass murder. No provision was made for their journey or exile, and unless they could bribe their guards, they were forbidden in almost all cases food and water." Those who survived landed up between Jerablus and Deir ez-Zor, "a vast and horrific open-air concentration camp".^[7]

[edit] Memory

Armenian pilgrims gathered in the Syrian village of Margadeh, near Der Zor, to commemorate the 94th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide

In the village of Margadeh (88 km from Deir ez-Zor), there is an Armenian chapel dedicated to those massacred here during the genocide, that "houses some of the bones of the dead".^[8] Lebanese and Syrians make pilgrimages to this memorial organized by the Apostolic Church of Aleppo.^[9]

In October 20, 2008 Australian Federal Shadow Minister for Finance, Competition Policy and Deregulation and member of the Australian House of Representatives Hon. Joe Hockey marked,

Over the next [to 1915] three years, the Turkish government ordered the deportation of the remaining Armenian people in the Ottoman Empire to concentration camps in the desert between Jerablus and Deir ez-Zor. They were marched through the country on foot in a hard and cruel journey. Women and children were forced to walk over mountains and through deserts. These people were frequently stripped naked and abused. They were given insufficient food and water, and hundreds of thousands of Armenian people died along the way.^[10]

Nouritza Matossian wrote for Armenian Voice,

Last month I visited the desert of Deir-ez-Zor in the killing fields, caves and rivers where a million Armenians perished. I was shown a piece of land that keeps subsiding. It is called the Place of the Armenians. So many thousands of bodies were buried there that the ground has been sinking for the last 80 years. Human thigh bones and ribs come to the surface.^[11]

"For Armenians, Der Zor has come to have a meaning approximate to Auschwitz", wrote Peter Balakian in New York Times. "Each, in different ways, an epicenter of death and a systematic process of mass-killing; each a symbolic place, an epigrammatic name on a dark map. Der Zor is a term that sticks with you, or sticks on you, like a burr or thorn: “r” “z” “or” — hard, sawing, knifelike".^[12]

[edit] Gallery

The Armenian Genocide museum in Der Zor

The Armenian Genocide Memorial in Der Zor

The Surp Harutyun (Holy Resurrection) Chapel of Margadeh village

Armenian refugee camp at Der Zor

[edit] References

1. ^ America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915, by J. M. Winter, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 162
2. ^ Refugees in the Age of Total War, by Anna Bramwell, Routledge, 1988, p. 45
3. ^ Armenia: The Survival of a Nation, by Christopher J. Walker, second edition, 1990, p. 223, 229
4. ^ A History of the Holocaust‎, by Saul S. Friedman, 2004, p. 330
5. ^ The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-century Thought, by William R. Everdell, University of Chicago Press, 1997, p. 124-125
6. ^ Merchants in Exile: The Armenians in Manchester, England, 1835-1935, by Joan George, Gomidas Institute, 2002, p. 164
7. ^ Armenia: The Survival of a Nation, by Christopher J. Walker, second edition, 1990, p. 210, 205
8. ^ Syria & Lebanon Handbook: The Travel Guide, by Ivan Mannheim, Footprint Travel Guides, 2001, p. 391
9. ^ Deir ez-Zor, International Travel News, 2007
10. ^ Hon. Hockey's Adjournment Speech, Armenian Genocide (20 Oct 2008, House of Representatives)
11. ^ "Ararat" World Premier in Cannes, by Nouritza Matossian// Armenian Voice, Summer 2002, Issue 46
12. ^ Bones, by Peter Balakian, New York Times, December 5, 2008

[edit] Bibliography

• To the Desert: Pages from My Diary, by Vahram Dadrian. Translated by Agop J Hacikyan, Taderon Press, 2006 ISBN 1903656680
• At the Crossroads of Der Zor: Death, Survival, and Humanitarian Resistance', by Hilmar Kaiser, Luther and Nancy Eskijian, Gomidas Institute, 2002
• Survivors: An Oral History Of The Armenian Genocide, by Donald E. Miller, Lorna Touryan Miller, University of California Press, 1999, ISBN 0520219562

[edit] External links

• Deir ez-Zor Armenian Genocide Memorial
• Deir ez-Zor Armenian Genocide Memorial Church at YouTube
• Monument and Memorial Complex at Der Zor, Syria

[edit] See also

• Death march
• Deir ez-Zor
• Armenians in Syria
• Bourj Hammoud