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Date rape drug refers to any drug that can be used to assist in the commission of a sexual assault, such as date rape. Drugs used to facilitate rape may have sedative, hypnotic, dissociative, and/or amnesiac effects, and may be added to a food or drink without the victim's knowledge. The term "date rape drug" originated in journalism and has no strict scientific or legal definition. A wide variety of substances can be used to incapacitate a person, and all of them have sometimes been taken willingly by people in other situations. Drink spiking may also be undertaken for amusement purposes.[1]
[edit] Types of drugsTwo drugs often referred to as date-rape drugs are GHB, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, and benzodiazepines (such as flunitrazepam, also known as Rohypnol or "roofies"); however, an American 1997 study showed that alcohol still remains the drug most frequently implicated in substance-assisted sexual assault.[2] [edit] AlcoholAlcohol remains the most commonly used date rape drug,[3] being readily available as well as legal. Many assailants use alcohol because their victims often willingly imbibe it, and can be encouraged to drink enough to lose inhibitions or consciousness. Even if the victim agrees to sex, the act may be considered rape in some jurisdictions if the victim's judgment was impaired or incapacitated by alcohol. Some assailants have committed "rapes of convenience" whereby they have assaulted a victim after he or she had become unconscious from drinking too much.[4] A study in the UK found that only 2 percent of a pool of 1,014 rape victims had their drinks spiked with sedatives.[5][6] Another UK study of 75 women who thought their drinks had been tampered with in pubs or clubs found that none had been given a surreptitious drug. They had simply become intoxicated (drunk).[7] Similarly, a 2009 Australian study concluded that of 97 patients admitted to hospital claiming to have had their drinks spiked though none had, in fact, been drugged.[8] [edit] BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines are drugs used to treat anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, and several other conditions. Some benzodiazepines used to treat insomnia possess powerful sedative, motor-impairing, and strong amnestic properties. Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) is popularly held to be a date rape drug although very little evidence exists for its use for this purpose [9]. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse:
The sedative effects of Rohypnol begin to appear approximately 15 to 20 minutes after the drug is ingested. The effects typically last from four to eight hours after administration of the drug, but some cases have been reported in which the effects were experienced for twelve or more hours after administration. Scientists can now detect flunitrazepam and related compounds in urine up to at least five days or in hair up to a month after administration of a single dose of Rohypnol.[11] [edit] GHB/GBL/1,4 BDOGamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has effects that are very similar to those of alcohol. According to the Drug Enforcement Administration:
However, the amount of saltiness one tastes varies depending on one's sodium intake.[13]
Common recreational doses of GHB are in the range of 1.8 to 2.7 grams, a large amount compared with most other sedative drugs, which can be active in amounts measured in milligrams. Doses required to induce complete sedation are even higher in most individuals. This makes detection of a drink tainted with GHB more likely. The prodrugs GBL and 1,4 Butanediol (1,4 BD or BDO) were used to bypass GHB restriction laws. In the human body the analogs are rapidly converted into GHB. Under US federal law, GBL and other analogs are covered and treated the same as GHB, when used for human consumption. Several people have died after consuming GHB or its analogs, often in combination with alcohol or other sedatives, which multiply its effect. [edit] DangersRespiratory depression, coma, and death are unpredictable possibilities when someone unknowingly takes a date rape drug, especially in large doses or in combination with alcohol. There are many factors that can leave someone unpredictably vulnerable. The person may have an unknown allergy to the drug. They may be taking one of several common prescription medicines which have dangerous reactions with date rape drugs. Also, a portion of the population has variations in the enzymes which metabolize the drug, resulting in an unpredictably amplified response to the drug. It is imperative that any investigation into the suspected use of date rape drugs involve an immediate blood test, as waiting too long to test for the presence of drugs may cause false negatives, because these drugs are quickly metabolized and eliminated by the body. Trying to deduce from the symptoms whether or not date rape drugs have been used can cause false positives. Testing kits that claim to detect GHB, ketamine, and benzodiazepines such as Rohypnol in seconds are commercially available. Companies around the world are making or trying to make paper coasters or test strips that change color when dabbed with a drink doctored with a date rape drug.[15][16] In most countries, whether or not a drug was used is irrelevant to the issue of whether a particular incident is rape or not. The legal definition of rape in countries such as the United States also covers a lack of consent when the victim is unable to say "no" to intercourse, whether the effect is due to drugging or simply alcohol consumption.[17] [edit] See also[edit] References
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