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For other uses, see Darjeeling (disambiguation).
Darjeeling
A panoramic view of a hill range. The upper portions of the nearer hillsides have tiled houses, while the farther hillsides and the lower portions of the nearer ones are covered with green bushes. A few coniferous trees are scattered throughout.
A view of Darjeeling from the Happy Valley Tea Estate
Darjeeling is located at the northern tip of West Bengal, near its boundary with Sikkim.
West Bengal is located at the northern tip of the east coast of India, bounded by Bangladesh on the east and Indian states of Sikkim, Orissa and Jharkhand on the north, south and west respectively. The state tapers off towards its northern end.
Darjeeling
Location of Darjeeling
in West Bengal and India
Coordinates 27°02′N 88°10′E / 27.03°N 88.16°E / 27.03; 88.16
Country  India
State West Bengal
District(s) Darjeeling
Population
• Density		 107,530 (2001)
• 8,548 /km2 (22,139 /sq mi)
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Area
• Elevation		 10.57 km2 (4 sq mi)
• 2,134 m (7,001 ft)

Darjeeling (Nepali: About this sound दार्जीलिंग (help·info)) is a town in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the headquarters of Darjeeling district, in the Mahabharat Range or Lesser Himalaya at an average elevation of 6,982 ft (2,128 m). During the British Raj in India, Darjeeling's temperate climate led to its development as a hill station for British residents seeking to escape the heat of the plains during the summers, becoming known as the Summer Capital.

Darjeeling is internationally famous for its tea industry and the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The tea plantations date back to the mid 19th century as part of British development of the area. The tea growers of the area developed distinctive hybrids of black tea and fermenting techniques, with many blends considered among the world's finest.[1] The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway connecting the town with the plains was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 and has one of the few steam locomotives still in service in India.

Darjeeling has several British-style public schools, which attract students from many parts of India and neighbouring countries. The town, along with neighbouring Kalimpong was a major center for the demand of a separate Gorkhaland state in the 1980s, though the separatist movement has gradually decreased over the past decade because of the setting up of an autonomous hill council. In recent years the town's fragile ecology has been threatened by a rising demand for environmental resources, stemming from growing tourist traffic and poorly planned urbanisation.

Contents

[edit] History

Main article: History of Darjeeling

The history of Darjeeling is intertwined with that of Bengal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal. Until the early 19th century, the area around Darjeeling was ruled intermittently by the kingdoms of Bengal, Nepal and Sikkim,[2] with settlement consisting of a few villages of Lepcha woodspeople.[3] In 1828, a delegation of British East India Company officials on their way to Sikkim stayed in Darjeeling and decided that the region was a suitable site for a sanatorium for British soldiers.[4][5] The Company negotiated a lease of the area from the Chogyal of Sikkim in 1835.[2] Arthur Campbell, a surgeon with the Company and Lieutenant Napier were given the responsibility to establish a hill station there, and the former's efforts to develop the station, attract immigrants to cultivate the slopes and stimulate trade resulted in a hundred-fold rise in population of Darjeeling between 1839 and 1849. By 1852, a Hill Corps had been established to maintain order and communication, and a sanatorium, bazar and jail had been built.[5]

A hillside with houses having tiled roofs.
Darjeeling view, 1880

Darjeeling became a part of the British Indian Empire a few years after an incident of discord between Sikkim and the Company in 1849,[4] following which the British annexed 640 square miles (1,700 km2) of territory from Sikkim in 1850.[5] In 1864, a treaty was signed with the Bhutanese rulers following which the passes leading through the hills and Kalimpong were ceded to the British. By 1866, Darjeeling District had assumed its recent shape and size, covering an area of 1,234 square miles (3,200 km2).[5] Scottish missionaries undertook the construction of schools and welfare centres for the British residents, laying the foundation for Darjeeling's notability as a centre of education. The opening of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in 1881 hastened the development of the region.[6] In 1899, Darjeeling was rocked by major landslides (known as the "Darjeeling disaster") that caused severe damage to the town and the native population.[7]

An obelisk on an elevated circular platform, with a few people standing around. Mountain peaks are visible in the background.
Darjeeling War Memorial

Under British rule, the Darjeeling area was initially a Non-Regulation District, a scheme of administration applicable to economically less advanced districts in the British Raj, and acts and regulations of the British Raj did not automatically apply to the district in line with rest of the country. Later in 1919, the area was declared a "backward tract".[8] Darjeeling's elite residents were the British ruling class of the time, who visited Darjeeling every summer. An increasing number of well-to-do Indian residents of Calcutta, affluent Maharajas of princely states and land-owning zamindars also began visiting Darjeeling.[9] The town continued to grow as a tourist destination, becoming known as the "Queen of the Hills".[10] The town did not see any significant political activity during the freedom struggle of India owing to its remote location and small population. However, there was a failed assassination attempt by revolutionaries on Sir John Anderson, the Governor of Bengal in 1934.[11]

A woman seated amidst piles of vegetables.
A woman selling vegetables at a market in Darjeeling

Socio-economic problems of the region which had not been addressed during British rule continued to linger and were reflected in a representation made to the Constituent Assembly of India in 1947 which highlighted the issues of regional autonomy and Nepali nationality in Darjeeling and adjacent areas.[12] After the independence of India in 1947, Darjeeling was merged with the state of West Bengal. The separate district of Darjeeling was established consisting of the hill towns of Darjeeling, Kurseong, Kalimpong and some parts of the Terai region. While the hill population was comprised mainly of ethnic Nepalis who had migrated there during British rule, the plains harboured a large ethnic Bengali population who were refugees from the Partition of India.[12] A cautious and non-receptive response by the West Bengal government to most demands of the ethnic Nepali population led to demands for autonomy of Darjeeling and the recognition of the Nepali language in the 1950s and 1960s, culminating in the recognition of Nepali as an official language by the Government of West Bengal in 1961.[12]

A rectangular flag with a green background, three horizontal yellow stripes across the bottom, three yellow stars forming a triangle on the top left, and a yellow sword on the top right.
The GNLF flag

The creation of a new state of Sikkim in 1975, along with the reluctance of the Government of India to recognise Nepali as an official language under the Constitution of India, brought the issue of a separate state of Gorkhaland to the forefront.[12] Agitations for a separate state continued from 1982–88, and were suspended only after an agreement between the government and the Gorkha National Liberation Front, resulting in the establishment of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council which was given semi-autonomous powers to govern the district.[5] Though Darjeeling is now peaceful, the issue of a separate state still lingers, supported by the political party Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM).[13] New protests erupted in 2008–09, but both the Union and State governments rejected the GJM's demand for a separate state.[14]

[edit] Geography

Snow-capped mountain peaks visible in the distance, with forested hills in the foreground.
Mount Kanchenjunga and Darjeeling seen from Tiger Hill

Darjeeling is located at an average elevation of 6,710 ft (2,050 m)[15] in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region on the Darjeeling-Jalapahar range that originates in the south from Ghum. The range is Y-shaped with the base resting at Katapahar and Jalapahar and two arms diverging north of Observatory Hill. The north-eastern arm dips suddenly and ends in the Lebong spur, while the north-western arm passes through North Point and ends in the valley near Tukver Tea Estate.[2]

Darjeeling is the main town of the Sadar subdivision and also the headquarters of the district. The hills of Darjeeling are part of the Mahabharat Range or Lesser Himalaya. The soil is chiefly composed of sandstone and conglomerate formations, which are the solidified and upheaved detritus of the great range of Himalaya. However, the soil is often poorly consolidated (the permeable sediments of the region do not retain water between rains) and is not considered suitable for agriculture. The area has steep slopes and loose topsoil, leading to frequent landslides during the monsoons. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone-IV, (on a scale of I to V, in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes) near the convergent boundary of the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates and is subject to frequent earthquakes. The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance. Kanchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, 8,598 m (28,210 ft) high, is the most prominent mountain visible. In days clear of clouds, Nepal's Mount Everest, 29,035 ft (8,850 m) high, can be seen.[16]

Snow-capped mountain peaks visible in the distance.
Mount Kanchanjangha as viewed from Darjeeling

There are several tea plantations in the area. The town of Darjeeling and surrounding region face deforestation due to increasing demand for wood fuel and timber, as well as air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic.[17] Flora around Darjeeling includes temperate, deciduous forests of poplar, birch, oak, and elm as well as evergreen, coniferous trees of wet alpine. Dense evergreen forests lie around the town, where a wide variety of rare orchids are found. Lloyd's Botanical Garden preserves common and rare species of flora, while the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park specialises in conserving and breeding endangered Himalayan species.[18]

[edit] Climate

A few people walking on a wet street holding umbrellas. There are shops on either side of the street.
A Darjeeling street, taken in heavy rain

Darjeeling's temperate climate has five distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter, and the monsoons. The annual mean maximum temperature is 14.9 °C (58.8 °F) while the mean minimum temperature is 8.9 °C (48.0 °F),[15] with monthly mean temperatures range from 5–17 °C (41–63 °F).[19] The lowest temperature recorded was −5 °C (23.0 °F) on 11 February 1905.[15] The average annual precipitation is 309.2 cm (121.7 in), with an average of 126 days of rain in a year.[15] The highest rainfall occurs in July.[19] The heavy and concentrated rainfall that is experienced in the region, aggravated by deforestation and haphazard planning, often causes devastating landslides, leading to loss of life and property.[20] In recent years, global warming has had adverse effects on Darjeeling's climate, resulting in periods of drought followed by floods, and an increasing incidence of pest attacks on tea plantations.[21]

[edit] Civic administration

A street crowded with people, with blue and green buntings strung across the street and banners adorning buildings.
A political rally taking place in Darjeeling

The Darjeeling urban agglomeration consists of Darjeeling Municipality and the Pattabong Tea Garden.[22] Established in 1850, the Darjeeling municipality maintains the civic administration of the town, covering an area of 10.57 km2 (4.08 sq mi).[22] The municipality consists of a board of councillors elected from each of the 32 wards of Darjeeling town as well as a few members nominated by the state government. The board of councillors elects a chairman from among its elected members;[2] the chairman is the executive head of the municipality. The Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) at present holds power in the municipality. The Gorkha-dominated hill areas of the whole Darjeeling district is under the jurisdiction of the Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council since its formation in 1988. The DGHC's elected councillors are authorised to manage certain affairs of the hills, including education, health and tourism. Law and order in Darjeeling town comes under the jurisdiction of the district police force, which is a part of the West Bengal Police; a Deputy Superintendent of Police oversees the town's security and law affairs. Darjeeling municipality area has two police stations at Darjeeling and Jorebungalow.[23]

A few houses on a hillside, and a water channel running along the base of the hill.
A sewer running behind houses

Natural springs in the Senchal Range provide most of Darjeeling's water supply. Water collected is routed through stone conduits to two lakes that were constructed in 1910 and 1932, from where it is piped to the town after purification at the Jorebungalow filtration plant.[24] During the dry season, when water supplied by springs is insufficient, water is pumped from Khong Khola, a nearby small perennial stream. There is a steadily widening gap between water supply and demand; just over 50% of the town's households are connected to the municipal water supply system.[2] Various efforts made to augment the water supply, including the construction of a third storage reservoir in 1984, have failed to yield desired results.[24] The town has an underground sewage system that collects domestic waste from residences and about fifty community toilets. Waste is then conveyed to six central septic tanks and ultimately disposed of in natural jhoras (waterways); roadside drains also collect sewage and storm water. Municipal Darjeeling produces about 50 tonnes (110,000 lb) of solid waste every day, which is disposed of in nearby disposal sites.[2] In June 2009, in order to reduce waste, the municipality banned the use of plastic in the town.[25]

Electricity is supplied by the West Bengal State Electricity Board, and the West Bengal Fire Service provides emergency services for the town. The town often suffers from power outages and the electrical supply voltage is unstable, making voltage stabilisers popular with many households. Almost all of the primary schools are now maintained by Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council. The total length of all types of roads—including stepped paths within the municipality—is around 90 km (56 mi); these are maintained by the municipality.[2]

[edit] Economy

Terraced rows of bushes growing on a hillside.
A tea plantation in Darjeeling

The two most significant contributors to Darjeeling's economy are tourism and the tea industry. Darjeeling tea is regarded as one of the best of black teas and is widely popular.[1] Darjeeling produces 7% of India's tea output, approximately 9,000,000 kilograms (20,000,000 lb) every year.[14] The tea industry has faced competition in recent years from tea produced in other parts of India as well as other countries like Nepal.[26] Widespread concerns about labour disputes, worker layoffs and closing of estates have affected investment and production.[27] Several tea estates are being run on a workers' cooperative model, while others are being planned for conversion into tourist resorts.[27] More than 60% of workers in the tea gardens are women. The district's forests and other natural wealth have been adversely affected by an ever-growing population.[22] Besides tea, the most widely cultivated crops include maize, millets, paddy, cardamom, potato and ginger.[28]

Darjeeling is reported to be the only location in eastern India that witnesses large numbers of foreign tourists.[14] It is also a popular filming destination for Bollywood and Bengali cinema. Satyajit Ray shot his film Kanchenjungha (1962) here, and his Feluda series story, Darjeeling Jomjomaat was also set in the town. Bollywood movies Aradhana (1969), and more recently Main Hoon Na (2004) have been filmed here.[29][30]

[edit] Transport

Main article: Transport in Darjeeling
A train, hauled by a steam locomotive, running beside a road between two rows of buildings with a few people walking on the road.
The "Toy Train" approaching Darjeeling

Darjeeling can be reached by the 88 km (55 mi) long Darjeeling Himalayan Railway from New Jalpaiguri, or by National Highway 55, also known as the Tenzing Norgay Road, from Siliguri, 80 km (50 mi) away.[31] The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is a 60 cm (24 in) narrow-gauge railway that was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999, becoming only the second railway in the world to have this honour.[6][29] Regular bus services and hired vehicles connect Darjeeling with Siliguri and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong and Kalimpong.[31] However, road and railway communications often get disrupted in the monsoons because of landslides. The nearest airport is in Bagdogra, located about 88 km (55 mi) from Darjeeling, and is connected by air with all metropolitan cities in India.[31] Within the town, people usually traverse by walking. Residents also use bicycles, two-wheelers and hired taxis for travelling short distances. The Darjeeling Ropeway, functional since 1968, was closed in 2003 after an accident killed four tourists.[32] It was proposed to be reopened in 2007,[33] but remained closed as of November 2009 due to absence of patronage as a result of the development of the road network in the region.[34]

[edit] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Darjeeling
A number of houses on a hillside, with a few trees growing at the top of the hill.
Concrete/brick and timber houses in the town

The Darjeeling urban agglomeration, with an area of 12.77 km2 (4.93 sq mi) has a population of 109,163, while the municipal area has a population of 107,530.[22] The town has an additional average diurnal floating population of 20,500–30,000, mainly consisting of the tourists.[2] The population density of the municipal area is 10,173 per km2.[22] The sex ratio is 1,017 females per 1,000 males,[22] which is higher than the national average of 933 females per 1000 males.[35] The three largest religions are Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity, in that order.[36] The majority of the populace are Gorkhas of ethnic Nepali background. Indigenous ethnic groups include the Limbu, Rai, Tamangs, Lepchas, Bhutias, Sherpas and Newars. Other communities that inhabit Darjeeling include the Marwaris, Anglo-Indians, Chinese, Biharis, Tibetans and Bengali. The most commonly spoken languages are Nepali, Hindi, Bengali and English.[37]

Darjeeling has seen significant growth in its population during the last century, especially since the 1970s. Annual growth rates reached as high as 45% in the 1990s, far above the national, state, and district averages.[2] The colonial town had been designed for a population of only 10,000, and subsequent growth has created extensive infrastructural and environmental problems. Environmental degradation, including denudation of the surrounding hills has adversely affected Darjeeling's appeal as a tourist destination.[17]

[edit] Culture

Main article: Culture of Darjeeling
A man and a woman praying at a small white shrine with a red roof. Several colourful flags on buntings are strung across poles in front of the shrine.
Colourful flags with Buddhist text around a Hindu temple.
A two-storeyed building to the right of a four-storeyed building. A basketball court in the foreground and a couple of vehicles parked on either side. Foggy atmosphere, with trees in the background.
Tibetan Refugee Self Help Center

Apart from the major religious festivals of Diwali, Christmas and Dussera, the diverse ethnic populace of the town celebrates several local festivals. The Lepchas and Bhutias celebrate new year in January, while Tibetans celebrate their new year in February–March. The birthday of the Dalai Lama is celebrated in mid-June with processions.[37] Darjeeling Carnival, initiated by a civil society movement known as The Darjeeling Initiative, is a ten day carnival held every year during the winter with the high quality portrayal of the rich musical and cultural heritage of Darjeeling Hills as its central theme.[38]

A popular food in Darjeeling is the tibetan momo, a steamed dumpling containing meat cooked in a doughy wrapping and served with clear soup and achar. A form of Tibetan noodle called thukpa, served in soup form is also popular. Other commonly eaten dishes include aloo dum, a potato preparation, and shaphalay, Tibetan bread stuffed with meat.[37] Tea is the most popular beverage, and is usually drunk in the Tibetan version.[37] Alcoholic beverages include Tongba and Chhaang, local beers made from millet.[39][37]

Colonial architecture characterises many buildings in Darjeeling; several mock Tudor residences, Gothic churches, the Raj Bhawan, Planters' Club and various educational institutions are examples. Buddhist monasteries showcase the pagoda style architecture. Darjeeling is regarded as a centre of music and a niche for musicians and music admirers. Singing and playing musical instruments is a common pastime among the resident population, who take pride in the traditions and role of music in cultural life.[40]

[edit] Education

Darjeeling's schools are either run by the state government or by private and religious organisations. Schools mainly use English and Nepali as their media of instruction, although the national language Hindi and the official state language Bengali are also stressed. The schools are either affiliated with the ICSE, the CBSE, or the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education. Having been a summer retreat for the British in India, Darjeeling soon became the place of choice for the establishment of public schools on the model of Eton, Harrow and Rugby, allowing the children of British officials to obtain an exclusive education.[41] Institutions such as St. Joseph's College (School Dept.), Loreto Convent, St. Paul's School and Mount Hermon School are renowned as centres of educational excellence.[42] Darjeeling hosts three colleges—St. Joseph's College, Loreto College, Salesian College and Darjeeling Government College—all affiliated to University of North Bengal in Siliguri.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b "Champagne among teas". Deccan Herald. 2005-06-17. Archived from the original on 2007-02-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20070221074118/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun172005/living1150492005616.asp. Retrieved 2006-07-18. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Vimal Khawas (2003). "Urban Management in Darjeeling Himalaya: A Case Study of Darjeeling Municipality.". The Mountain Forum. http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/khawv03e.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-01.  Now available in the Internet Archive in this URL . Retrieved 7 June 2006.
  3. ^ "Darjeeling Tea". h2g2, BBC. 2005-05-12. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A4056284. Retrieved 2006-08-17. 
  4. ^ a b "The History of Darjeeling — The Queen of Hills". Darjeeling Police. http://darjeeling-police.awardspace.com/d_history.html. Retrieved 2009-03-11. 
  5. ^ a b c d e "History of Darjeeling". Official webpage of Darjeeling District. http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-hist.html. Retrieved 2009-11-10. 
  6. ^ a b "Mountain Railways of India". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944. Retrieved 2006-04-30. 
  7. ^ Gerard 1990, p. 258
  8. ^ Sanjoy Borbara (2003). "Autonomy for Darjeeling: History and Practice". Experiences on Autonomy in East and North East: A Report on the Third Civil Society Dialogue on Human Rights and Peace. Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group. http://www.mcrg.ac.in/civilsocietydialogue3.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-13. 
  9. ^ T.T. Shringla (2003). "Travelogues: Toy Train to Darjeeling". India Travelogue. http://www.indiatravelogue.com/trav/trav25.html. Retrieved 2006-06-08. 
  10. ^ S.S. Chattopadhyay (January 2005). "Return of the queen". Frontline 22 (01). http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2201/stories/20050114006111400.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-30. 
  11. ^ "Darjeeling Hills plunges into the Independence Movement". Official webpage of Darjeeling district. http://darjeeling.gov.in/independence.html. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  12. ^ a b c d Atis Dasgupta (1999). "Ethnic Problems and Movements for Autonomy in Darjeeling". Social Scientist 27 (11–12): 47–68. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518047. Retrieved 2009-11-25. 
  13. ^ "Constitution of Gorkha Janmukti Morcha". Gorkha Janmukti Morcha. http://www.gorkhajanmuktimorcha.org/constitution.php. Retrieved 2009-05-18. 
  14. ^ a b c Sujoy Dhar (2009-07-14). "Darjeeling protests hit tea and tourism". Livemint. http://www.livemint.com/2009/07/14124608/Darjeeling-protests-hit-tea-an.html. Retrieved 2009-11-25. 
  15. ^ a b c d "District Profile". Official Webpage of Darjeeling District. http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html. Retrieved 2009-11-10. 
  16. ^ "Darjeeling". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028781. Retrieved 2006-07-26. 
  17. ^ a b TERI (2001). "Sustainable Development in the Darjeeling Hill Area" (PDF). Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi. (TERI Project No.2000UT64). p. 20. http://static.teriin.org/reports/rep17/rep17.pdf. Retrieved 2006-05-01. 
  18. ^ "Himalayan Tahrs, Blue sheep for Darjeeling Zoo arrive from Japan". The Hindu. 2009-10-29. http://www.thehindu.com/2009/10/29/stories/2009102957821300.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-10. 
  19. ^ a b "Weatherbase entry for Darjeeling". Canty and Associates LLC. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=422950&refer==&units=metric. Retrieved 2006-04-30. 
  20. ^ S. Sarkar (1999). "Landslides in Darjeeling Himalayas, India". Transactions of the Japanese Geomorphological Union 20 (3): 299–315. ISSN 03891755. 
  21. ^ Malabi Gupta (2009-11-26). "Brewtal climate: Droughts, storms cracking Darjeeling’s teacup". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/special-news-report/News-Feed/Brewtal-climate-Droughts-storms-cracking-Darjeeling-s-teacup/Article1-480534.aspx. Retrieved 2009-12-03. 
  22. ^ a b c d e f "Table-4 Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001". Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. 2003. Archived from the original on 2005-08-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20050827091947/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/FrameTable4_1.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-30. 
  23. ^ "Table-3 District Wise List of Statutory Towns (Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area and Cantonment Board), Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001". Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. 2003. http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-30. 
  24. ^ a b "Water Supply". Official webpage of Darjeeling Municipality. http://www.darjeelingmunicipality.com/water.html. Retrieved 2009-12-03. 
  25. ^ Mohana Dam (2009-06-11). "Darjeeling to ban plastic altogether". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/darjeeling-to-ban-plastic-altogether/474728/. Retrieved 2009-12-03. 
  26. ^ "Darjeeling tea growers at risk". BBC News. 2001-07-27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1456988.stm. Retrieved 2006-05-08. 
  27. ^ a b Daniel B. Haber (2004-01-14). "Economy-India: Famed Darjeeling Tea Growers Eye Tourism for Survival". Inter Press Service News Agency. http://www.ipsnews.net/africa/interna.asp?idnews=21909. Retrieved 2006-05-08. 
  28. ^ "Agriculture". Official webpage of Darjeeling District. http://darjeeling.gov.in/agriculture.html. Retrieved 2009-11-25. 
  29. ^ a b Sudha Mahalingam (March 2001). "Darjeeling: Where the journey is the destination". Outlook Traveller. Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited. Archived from the original on 2007-04-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20070415015159/http://www.outlooktraveller.com/aspscripts/travelogue.asp?dest=Darjeeling. Retrieved 2007-03-09. 
  30. ^ "Darjeeling Toy Train". Theme India: Train Tourism in India. IndiaLine. http://www.indialine.com/travel/trains/darjeeling-toy-train.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
  31. ^ a b c "Reaching Your Destination". Official webpage of Darjeeling District. http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/track.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-02. 
  32. ^ "Darjeeling ropeway mishap kills four". The Statesman. 2003-10-20. http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=53912&usrsess=1. Retrieved 2007-06-30. 
  33. ^ Soma Mookerjee (2007-06-22). "Darjeeling Ropeway to open again". The Statesman. http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=187778&usrsess=1. Retrieved 2009-12-02. 
  34. ^ Mohan Prasad (2009-11-30). "Time, neglect apply brakes on ropeways". The Statesman. http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=10&id=309369&usrsess=1. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
  35. ^ "India at a Glance: Sex Ratio". Census of India, 2001. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/fsex.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  36. ^ "Basic data sheet, District Darjiling". Census of India, 2001. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Dist_File/datasheet-1901.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  37. ^ a b c d e "People And Culture". Official webpage of Darjeeling District. http://darjeeling.gov.in/people.html. Retrieved 2009-11-26. 
  38. ^ S.S. Chattopadhyay (December 2003). "The spirit of Darjeeling". Frontline 20 (25). http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219000306600.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-01. 
  39. ^ H. Ä. Jaschke (1881 (Reprint 1987)). A Tibetan-English Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. p. 341. ISBN 8120803213. 
  40. ^ D.P. Rasaily , R.P. Lama. "The Nature-centric Culture of the Nepalese". The Cultural Dimension of Ecology. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi. http://ignca.nic.in/cd_07011.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-31. 
  41. ^ Vinay Lal. ""Hill Stations: Pinnacles of the Raj." Review article on Dale Kennedy, The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj". UCLA Social Sciences Computing. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/HillStations.html. Retrieved 2001-07-30. 
  42. ^ "Educational Institutes". Official webpage of Darjeeling district. http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/edu-institute.html. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 

[edit] Further Reading

  • Bradnock, R & R Bradnock (2004), Footprint India Handbook (13th ed.), Footprint Handbooks, ISBN 1904777007
  • Brown, Percy (1917), Tours in Sikhim and the Darjeeling District (3rd (1934) ed.), Calcutta: W. Newman & Co., 223, ISBN ASIN: B0008B2MIY
  • Gerard, John (1990), Mountain environments: an examination of the physical geography of mountains, MIT Press, 317, ISBN 0262071282
  • Kennedy, Dane (1996), Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj, University of California Press, 265, ISBN 0520201884
  • Lee, Ada (1971), The Darjeeling disaster: Triumph through sorrow: the triumph of the six Lee children, Lee Memorial Mission, ISBN ASIN: B0007AUX00
  • Newman's Guide to Darjeeling and Its Surroundings, Historical & Descriptive, with Some Account of the Manners and Customs of the Neighbouring Hill Tribes, and a Chapter on Thibet and the Thibetans, W. Newman and Co., 1900
  • Ronaldshay, The Earl of (1923), Lands of the Thunderbolt. Sikhim, Chumbi & Bhutan, London: Constable & Co., ISBN 81-206-1504-2 (Reprint)
  • Roy, Barun (2003), Fallen Cicada (2003 ed.), Beacon Publication, 223, ISBN 0732193121X
  • Saraswati, Baidyanath (Ed) (1998), Cultural Dimension of Ecology, DK Print World Pvt. Ltd, India, ISBN 812460102X
  • Singh, S (2005), Lonely Planet India (11th ed.), Lonely Planet Publications, ISBN 1740596943
  • Waddell, L.A. (2004), Among the Himalayas, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 076618918X

[edit] External links

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