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Dalmatian (or Dalmatic) is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro. The name refers to a pre-Roman tribe of the Illyrian linguistic group, Dalmatae. The Dalmatian speakers lived in the coastal towns: Zadar, Trogir, Split, Dubrovnik and Kotor (Jadera, Tragur, Spalatro, Raugia and Cattaro), each of these cities having a local dialect, and also on the islands of Krk, Cres and Rab (Vikla, Crepsa and Arba).
[edit] DialectsAlmost every city developed its own dialect; however, most disappeared before they were recorded, so the only trace of these ancient dialects is some words borrowed into local dialects of today's Croatia. [edit] RagusanRagusan is the Southern dialect. Its name is derived from the Romance name of Dubrovnik, Ragusa. It was discovered in two letters, from 1325 and 1397, and other medieval texts, which show a language influenced heavily by Venetian. The available sources include hardly 260 Ragusan words. Surviving words include pen (bread), teta (father), chesa (house) and fachir (to do), which were quoted by the Dalmatian, Filippo Diversi, the rector of Ragusa in the 1430s. The Republic of Ragusa had at one time an important fleet, but its influence decreased. The language was in trouble in the face of Croatian expansion, as the Ragusan Senate decided that all debates had to be held in lingua veteri ragusea (ancient Ragusan language) and the use of the lingua sclava (Slavic) was forbidden. Nevertheless, in the 16th century, Ragusan fell out of use and became extinct. [edit] VegliotVegliot (the native name being Viklasun[1]) is the Northern dialect and it is derived from the Italian name of Krk, Veglia, an island in Kvarner. On the inscription dating from the beginning of the 4th century, Krk is named as "Splendissima civitas Curictarum". The Croatian name derives from the Roman name (Curicum, Curicta), while the younger title Vecla – Vegla – Veglia (meaning "Old Town") was created in the medieval Romanesque period. The last speaker of any Dalmatian dialect was the Burbur Tuone Udaina (italianized as Antonio Udina), who was killed by a bomb on June 10, 1898.[2] [3] His language was studied by the scholar Matteo Giulio Bartoli, himself a native of nearby Istria, who visited him in 1897 and wrote down approximately 2800 words, stories, and accounts of his life, which were published in a book that has provided much information on the vocabulary, phonology, and grammar of the language. Bartoli wrote in Italian and published a translation in German (Das Dalmatische) in 1906. The Italian language manuscripts were lost, and the work was not retranslated into Italian until 2001. [edit] HistoryThe Roman Empire gradually came to occupy the territory of Illyria between 229 and 155 BC. Merchants and authorities settling from Rome brought with them the Latin language, and eventually the indigenous inhabitants mostly abandoned their languages (prevalently a variety of Illyrian tongues) for a so-called vulgar Latin (Lat. vulgarus - people's, popular, of lower register/speech). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Illyrian towns continued to speak Latin (see Illyro-Roman), which evolved over time, first into regional variants of Latin, and subsequently into distinct, independent Romance languages. That known as Dalmatian was spoken along the Dalmatian coast of the Balkan shore of the Adriatic, from Rijeka as far south as Kotor in Montenegro. Speakers lived mainly in the coastal towns of Jadera (Zadar), Tragurium (Trogir), Spalatum (Split), Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Acruvium (Kotor), and also on the islands of Curicta (Krk), Crepsa (Cres) and Arba (Rab). Almost every city developed its own dialect, but the most important dialects we know of were the Vegliot, a northern dialect spoken on the island of Curicta, and the Ragusan, a southern dialect spoken in and around modern-day Dubrovnik.  We know about the Dalmatian dialect of Ragusa from two letters, dated 1325 and 1397, as well as from other medieval texts. The oldest preserved documents written in Dalmatian are 13th century inventories in Ragusan. The available sources include roughly 260 Ragusan words. Surviving words include pen (bread), teta (father), chesa (house) and fachir (to do), which were quoted by the Dalmatian, Filippo Diversi, the head of school of Ragusa in the 1430s. The earliest reference to the Dalmatian language dates from the 10th century and it is estimated that about 50,000 people spoke it at that time, though the main source of this information, the Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli, may have exaggerated his figures[citation needed]. Dalmatian was influenced particularly heavily by the Venetian language and Croatian (despite the latter, the Latin roots of Dalmatian remained prominent). A 14th century letter from Zadar (origin of the Iadera dialect) shows strong influence from Venetian, the language that after years under Venetian rule would extinguish Iadera and other dialects of Dalmatian. Other dialects met their demise with the settlement of populations of Slavic speakers. [edit] CharacteristicsOnce thought to be a language that bridged the gap between the Romanian language and Italian, it was only distantly related to the nearby Romanian dialects, such as the nearly extinct Istro-Romanian, also spoken in nearby Istria, Croatia. Some of its features are quite archaic. Dalmatian is unique in that it is the only Romance language that palatalised /k/ and /g/ before /i/, but not before /e/ (all the others palatalise in both situations, except Sardinian, which did not palatalise at all): Latin civitate > Vegliot: cituot (city), Latin cenare > Vegliot: kenur (to dine). Some of its words have been preserved as borrowings in South Slavic languages, chiefly in dialectal Croatian (Chakavian). [edit] Similarities to RomanianAmong the similarities with Romanian, there are some consonant shifts that can be found among the Romance languages only in Dalmatian and Romanian:
[edit] VocabularyDalmatian kept Latin words related to urban life, lost (or if preserved, not with the original sense) in Romanian, such as čituot "city" (in Romanian cetate means "fortress", not "city"; compare also Albanian qytet, borrowed from Latin). The Dalmatians retained an active urban society in their city states, whereas most Romanians were driven into small mountain settlements during the Great Migrations of the Dark Ages.[4]
[edit] GrammarMain article: Dalmatian grammar An analytic trend can be observed in Dalmatian: nouns and adjectives began losing their gender and number inflections, the noun declension disappeared completely and the verb conjugations began to follow the same path; however, the verb maintained a person and number distinction, except in the third person (in common with Romanian and several dialects of Italy). The definite article is used as a preposition, unlike the Eastern Romance languages (like Romanian) which have it postposed to the noun. [edit] Language sampleHere are examples of the Lord's prayer in Latin, Dalmatian, Friulian, Italian, Istro-Romanian and Romanian:
[edit] Parable of the Prodigal Son...E el daic: Jon ciairt jomno ci avaja doi feil, e el plé pedlo de louro daic a soa tuota: Tuota duoteme la puarte de moi luc, che me toca, e jul spartait tra louro la sostuanza e dapù pauch dai, mais toich indajoi el feil ple pedlo andait a la luorga, e luoc el dissipuat toich el soo, viviand malamiant. Muà el ju venait in se stiass, daic: quinci jomni de journata Cn cuassa da me tuota i ju bonduanza de puan e cua ju muor de fum. [edit] TranslationAnd He said: There was a man who had two sons. The younger of them said to his father: 'Father give me the share of his property that will belong to me.' So he divided the property between them. A few days later the younger son gathered all he had and traveled to a distant country, and there he squandered his property in dissolute living. But when he came to himself he said: 'How many of my father's hired hands have bread enough and to spare, but here I am dying of hunger! [edit] Some Dalmatian words in today's Croatian languagegarma[citation needed] - (Čakavian) - natural hole in the karst landscape or natural cut in the karst coast gira / girica[citation needed] - (Čakavian) - picarel (fish) gripa / gripela / hripa / hripela[citation needed] - (Čakavian) - stone road in Dalmatia gusterna / gustirna / gustrina[citation needed] - (Čakavian) - rainwater reservoir kapula[citation needed] - (Čakavian Croatian) - onion temple / timpre[citation needed] - (Korčula / Lošinj) - temple (anatomical) trakta / tratka[citation needed] - (Cavtat / Montenegro) - fishing net [edit] References
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