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Chinese romanization
Mandarin for Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin (ISO standard) EFEO Gwoyeu Romatzyh Spelling conventions Latinxua Sin Wenz Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II Chinese Postal Map Romanization Tongyong Pinyin Wade–Giles Yale Legge romanization Simplified Wade Comparison chart
Yue for Standard Cantonese Guangdong Romanization Hong Kong Government Jyutping Meyer-Wempe Sidney Lau S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols) S. L. Wong (romanisation) Standard Cantonese Pinyin Standard Romanization Yale Barnett–Chao
Wu Long-short (romanization) The Latin phonetic method of Shanghainese
Min Nan for Taiwanese, Amoy, and related Pe̍h-oē-jī Daighi tongiong pingim Modern Literal Taiwanese Phofsit Daibuun Pumindian for Hainanese Hainanhua Pinyin Fang'an for Teochew Peng'im
Min Dong for Fuzhou dialect Foochow Romanized
Hakka for Moiyan dialect Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an For Siyen dialect Phak-fa-sṳ
See also: General Chinese (Chao Yuenren) Cyrillization Xiao'erjing Bopomofo Extended Bopomofo for Taiwanese Taiwanese kana Romanisation in Singapore Romanisation in the ROC
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Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im (abbr: DT; English: Taiwanese phonetic transcription system; Chinese: 臺語通用拼音; GDT: Daighix tongiong pingimv) is an orthography in the Latin alphabet for Taiwanese language based upon Tongyong Pinyin. Up to the present, DT is a popular orthography for the Taiwanese language in general. It is able to use the ASCII character set to indicate the proper variation of pitch with eight diacritic symbols^[1].

[edit] Current system

[edit] Alphabet

The DT alphabet adopts the Latin alphabet of 26 letters, 4 digraphs, and 8 diacritics to express the basic sounds of Taiwanese:

DT capital letter
A	B	Bh	C	D	E	F	G	Gh	H	I	J	K	L	M
N	Ng	O	Or	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
DT lower case
a	b	bh	c	d	e	f	g	gh	h	i	j	k	l	m
n	ng	o	or	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z

DT in its present form has 17 initials, 18 finals and 8 tones.

[edit] Tone number

Taiwanese that is a tonal language, so the pitch (tone) of a spoken word affects its meaning, same as the written words. However, in non-tonal languages, a word's pitch constantly conveys emotion but often does not influence its meaning.^[2]. In Taiwanese, which has nine tones and two extra tones, neutral tone and nasal vowel.

DT tone number
1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	Neutral	Nasal
a	à	â	ā(ptkh)	ă	ä	ā	a(ptkh)	á	å/aj	aⁿ/ann
GDT tone number
1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	Neutral	Nasal
av	aw	ax	a(bdgq)	aa	af	a	a(ptkh)	ay	aj	ann

[edit] Phonology

Map of Taiwan

**Consonants^[3]**
			Dental	Alveolo-palatal	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	unaspiration			b	d	g	' (ʔ)
	voiceless	aspiration			p	t	k
	voiced	unaspiration			bh		gh
Affricate	voiceless	unaspiration	z	zi
	voiceless	aspiration	c	ci
	voiced	unaspiration		r
Fricative	voiceless	unaspiration	s	si
Fricative	voiceless	aspiration						h
Nasal	voiced	unaspiration			m/nn	n	ng/nn
Lateral	voiced	unaspiration				l

**Vowels^[4]**
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		or(2)
Mid		or(1)
Open-mid			o
Open	a

[edit] Tone definition

[edit] Tone marks

Tones are expressed by diacritics; checked syllables (i.e. those ending with glottal stops) are followed by the letter h. Where diacritics are not technically available, e.g. on some parts of the internet, tone alphabet may be used instead.

a (1st tone; yinping)
à (2nd tone; yingshang)
â (3rd tone; yinqu)
ā(ptkh) (4th tone; yinru)
ă (5th tone; yangping)
ä (6th tone; yangshang)
ā (7th tone; yangqu)
a(ptkh) (8th tone; yangru)
á (9th tone; high rising)
å(aj) (neutral tone)
aⁿ(ann) (nasal vowel)

Examples for these tones: ciūⁿ (elephant), bâ (leopard), bhè (horse), di (pig), zŭa (snake), āh (duck), lok (deer). And, a neutral tone, sometimes indicated by å(aj) in DT, has no specific contour; its pitch always depends on the tones of the preceding syllables. Taiwanese speakers refer to this tone as the "light tone" (Chinese: 輕聲).

[edit] Tone sandhi

Schema of the tone sandhi rules in Taiwanese.

Tone sandhi or chain shift by circulation, as the tones are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the DT system. The basic tone has no modification and tone mark. Generally speaking, the basic tone means the 7th tone (mid even tone; yangqu).^[5]^[6]

[edit] Word structure

A DT word, like an English word, can be formed by only one syllable or several syllables, with the two syllables being the general typicality. Each syllable in DT follows among one of the six underlying patterns:^[6]

(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number)
(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number)
(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: postfix consonant))
(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: rear nasal vowel))
(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: postfix consonant))
(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: rear nasal vowel))

〈Basic word structure〉
Syllable onset (prefix consonant)	Tone number
	Syllable rime
	Interface tone/vowel	postfix tone(vowel + postfix consonant) + rear nasal vowel
	Head	mid	tail

[edit] Initials

bh, z, c, gh, h, r, g, k, l, m, n, ng, b, p, s, d, t

Note that unlike their typical interpretation in modern English language, bh and gh are voiced and unaspirated, whereas b, g, and d are plain unvoiced. p, k, and t are unvoiced and aspirated, corresponding closer to b, g, and d in English. This choice of notation may be attributed to the European origin of the first scholars to promote romanization. It is consistent with the use of h's in the Legge romanization and the use of the diacritic ʰ in the International Phonetic Alphabet to signal consonantal aspiration.

[edit] Finals

Vowels: a, i, u, e, or, o
Diphthongs: ai, au, ia, iu, io, ui, ua, ue
Triphthongs: iau, uai
Nasals: m, n, ng

The nasals m, n, and ng can be appended to any of the vowels and some of the diphthongs. In addition, m and ng can function as independent syllables by themselves.

The stops h, g, b and d can appear as the last letter in a syllable, in which case they are pronounced as unreleased stops. (The final h in DT stands for a glottal stop.)

[edit] Delimiting symbols

All syllables in each word are normally separated by the dash (-) mark. Generally, syllables follow after the dash which must undergo tone sandhi.

[edit] Syllabary

The DT syllabary is a set of written symbols from DT letters as represent syllables, which make up Taiwanese words. A DT symbol in a syllabary typically represents an optional consonant sound followed by a vowel sound^[5].

[edit] Consonants and vowels syllabary

Consonants(right) ------------------------- Vowels(Down)	b	p	bh	m	d	t	l	n	g	k	gh	ng	z	c	s	r	h	zero consonant
a	ba	pa	bha	ma	da	ta	la	na	ga	ka	gha	nga	za	ca	sa	ra	ha	a
e	be	pe	bhe	me	de	te	le	ne	ge	ke	ghe	nge	ze	ce	se	re	he	e
i	bi	pi	bhi	mi	di	ti	li	ni	gi	ki	ghi	ngi	zi	ci	si	ri	hi	i
o	bo	po	bho	mo	do	to	lo	no	go	ko	gho	ngo	zo	co	so	ro	ho	o
u	bu	pu	bhu	mu	du	tu	lu	nu	gu	ku	ghu	ngu	zu	cu	su	ru	hu	u
or	bor	por	bhor	mor	dor	tor	lor	nor	gor	kor	ghor	ngor	zor	cor	sor	ror	hor	or

[edit] DT examples

[edit] Universal Declaration of Human Rights

DT

GDT

English

Lēn-hâ-gōk sê-gāi rīn-kūan sūan-ghěn

Dê 1 diău

Lāng-lăng seⁿ-låi zû-iŭ, zāi zūn-ghiăm gāh kuăn-lī siòng it-lip bīng-dìng. In hù-iù li-sîng gāh liōng-sim, lî-ciaⁿ ìng-gai i hiānn-dī gūan-hē ē zīng-sĭn hō-siōng dùi-dāi.

Lenhaxgok sexgai rinkuan suangheen

Dex 1 diaau

Langlaang sennvlaij zuxiuu, zai zunghiaam gaq kuaanli siongw itlip bingdingw. Inv huwiuw livsingx gaq lionsimv, lixciannv ingwgaiv iv hianndi guanhe e zingsiin hosiong duiwdai.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

[edit] Greeting of Voyager Golden Record

DT	GDT	English	Audio file: Voyager Golden Record
Tài-kong bīng-iù, lin hòr! Lin ziâ-bà bhē! Û-ĭng, dôr-lăi ghun-zia zē òr.	Taiwkongv bingiuw, linv horw! Linv ziaxbaw bhe! Uxiing, dorxlaai ghunvziav ze orw.	Friends of space, how are you all! Have you eaten yet? Drop in on us if you have time.	Taiwanese(Amoy; Min nan; Formosan) sound record of voyager 1

[edit] Comparison of orthographies

The different orthographies are compared as the following table.

**Vowels**
IPA	a	ap	at	ak	aʔ	ã	ɔ	ɔk	ɔ̃	ə	o	e	ẽ	i	ɪɛn	iŋ
Pe̍h-ōe-jī	a	ap	at	ak	ah	aⁿ	o͘	ok	oⁿ	o	o	e	eⁿ	i	ian	eng
Revised TLPA	a	ap	at	ak	ah	aN	oo	ok	ooN	o	o	e	eN	i	ian	ing
TLPA	a	ap	at	ak	ah	ann	oo	ok	oonn	o	o	e	enn	i	ian	ing
Pumindian (普闽典)^{[dubious – discuss]}	a	ap	at	ak	ah	na	oo	ok	noo	o	o	e	ne	i	ien	ing
MLT	a	ab/ap	ad/at	ag/ak	aq/ah	va	o	og/ok	vo	ø	ø	e	ve	i	ien	eng
DT	a	āp/ap	āt/at	āk/ak	āh/ah	ann/aⁿ	o	ok	onn/oⁿ	or	or	e	enn/eⁿ	i	ian/en	ing
Taiwanese kana	アア	アプ	アツ	アク	アア	アア	オオ	オク	オオ	オオ	ヲヲ	エエ	エエ	イイ	イエヌ	イエン
zhuyin	ㄚ	ㄚㆴ	ㄚㆵ	ㄚㆶ	ㄚㆷ	ㆩ	ㆦ	ㆦㆶ	ㆧ	ㄜ	ㄛ	ㆤ	ㆥ	ㄧ	ㄧㄢ	ㄧㄥ
example (traditional Chinese)	亞洲	壓力	警察	沃水	牛肉	三十	烏色	中國		澳洲	澳洲	下晡		醫學	鉛筆	英國
example (simplified Chinese)	亚洲	压力	警察	沃水	牛肉	三十	烏色	中国		澳洲	澳洲	下晡		医学	铅笔	英国

**Vowels**
IPA	ɪk	ĩ	ai	aĩ	au	am	ɔm	m̩	ɔŋ	ŋ̍	u	ua	ue	uai	uan	ɨ	(i)ũ
Pe̍h-ōe-jī	ek	iⁿ	ai	aiⁿ	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	oa	oe	oai	oan	i	(i)uⁿ
Revised TLPA	ik	iN	ai	aiN	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	ua	ue	uai	uan	ir	(i)uN
TLPA	ik	inn	ai	ainn	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	ua	ue	uai	uan	ir	(i)unn
Pumindian (普闽典)^{[dubious – discuss]}	ik	ni	ai	nai	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	ua	ue	uai	uan	i	n(i)u
MLT	eg/ek	vi	ai	vai	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	oa	oe	oai	oan	i	v(i)u
DT	ik	inn/iⁿ	ai	ainn/aiⁿ	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	ua	ue	uai	uan	i	(i)unn/uⁿ
Taiwanese kana	イエク	イイ	アイ	アイ	アウ	アム	オム	ム	オン	ン	ウウ	ヲア	ヲエ	ヲアイ	ヲアヌ	ウウ	ウウ
zhuyin	ㄧㆶ	ㆪ	ㄞ	ㆮ	ㆯ	ㆰ	ㆱ	ㆬ	ㆲ	ㆭ	ㄨ	ㄨㄚ	ㄨㆤ	ㄨㄞ	ㄨㄢ	ㆨ	ㆫ
example (traditional Chinese)	翻譯	病院	愛情		歐洲	暗時		阿姆	王梨	黃色	有無	歌曲	講話	奇怪	人員	豬肉	舀水
example (simplified Chinese)	翻译	病院	爱情		欧洲	暗时		阿姆	王梨	黄色	有无	歌曲	讲话	奇怪	人员	猪肉	舀水

**Consonants**
IPA	p	b	pʰ	m	t	tʰ	n	nŋ	l	k	ɡ	kʰ	h	tɕi	ʑi	tɕʰi	ɕi	ts	dz	tsʰ	s
Pe̍h-ōe-jī	p	b	ph	m	t	th	n	nng	l	k	g	kh	h	chi	ji	chhi	si	ch	j	chh	s
Revised TLPA	p	b	ph	m	t	th	n	nng	l	k	g	kh	h	zi	ji	ci	si	z	j	c	s
TLPA	p	b	ph	m	t	th	n	nng	l	k	g	kh	h	zi	ji	ci	si	z	j	c	s
Pumindian (普闽典)^{[dubious – discuss]}	b	bb	p	bb	d	t	n	lng	l	g	gg	k	h	zi	li	ci	si	z	l	c	s
MLT	p	b	ph	m	t	th	n	nng	l	k	g	kh	h	ci	ji	chi	si	z	j	zh	s
DT	b	bh	p	m	d	t	n	nng	l	g	gh	k	h	zi	r	ci	si	z	r	c	s
Taiwanese kana	パア	バア	パ̣ア	マア	タア	タ̣ア	ナア	ヌン	ラア	カア	ガア	カ̣ア	ハア	チイ	ジイ	チ̣イ	シイ	サア	ザア	サ̣ア	サア
zhuyin	ㄅ	ㆠ	ㄆ	ㄇ	ㄉ	ㄊ	ㄋ	ㄋㆭ	ㄌ	ㄍ	ㆣ	ㄎ	ㄏ	ㄐ	ㆢ	ㄑ	ㄒ	ㄗ	ㆡ	ㄘ	ㄙ
example (traditional Chinese)	報紙	閩南	普通	請問	豬肉	普通	過年	雞卵	樂觀	價值	牛奶	客廳	煩惱	支持	漢字	支持	是否	報紙	熱天	參加	司法
example (simplified Chinese)	报纸	闽南	普通	请问	猪肉	普通	过年	鸡卵	乐观	价值	牛奶	客厅	烦恼	支持	汉字	支持	是否	报纸	热天	参加	司法

**Tones**
IPA	a˥	a˥˧	a˨˩	ap˩ at˩ ak˩ aʔ˩	a˧˥	a˥˧	a˧	ap˥ at˥ ak˥ aʔ˥	a˥˥	a˨
Pe̍h-ōe-jī	a	á	à	ap at ak ah	â	á	ā	a̍p a̍t a̍k a̍h		--a
Revised TLPA TLPA	a1	a2	a3	ap4 at4 ak4 ah4	a5	a2 (6=2)	a7	ap8 at8 ak8 ah8	a9	a0
Pumindian (普闽典)	ā	ǎ	à	āp āt āk āh	á	ǎ	â	áp át ák áh
MLT	af	ar	ax	ab ad ag aq	aa	aar	a	ap at ak ah		~a
DT	a	à	â	āp āt āk āh	ǎ	ä	ā	ap at ak ah	á	å/aj
Taiwanese kana (normal vowels)	アア	アア	アア	アプアツアクアア	アア	アア	アア	アプアツアクアア
Taiwanese kana (nasal vowels)	アア	アア	アア	アプアツアクアア	アア	アア	アア	アプアツアクアア
zhuyin	ㄚ	ㄚˋ	ㄚᒻ	ㄚㆴ ㄚㆵ ㄚㆶ ㄚㆷ	ㄚˊ	ㄚˋ	ㄚ⊦	ㄚㆴ̇ ㄚㆵ̇ ㄚㆶ̇ ㄚㆷ̇
example (traditional Chinese)	公司	報紙	興趣	血壓警察中國牛肉	人員		草地	配合法律文學歇熱	社子	進去
example (simplified Chinese)	公司	报纸	兴趣	血压警察中国牛肉	人员		草地	配合法律文学歇热	社子	進去

Note: The bopomofo extended characters in the zhuyin row require a UTF-8 font capable of displaying Unicode values 31A0–31B7 (ex. Code2000 true type font).

[edit] See also

Ganvsig daighix tongiong pingimv (GDT in Taiwanese; Chinese: 簡式台語通用拼音; English: Simplified Taiwanese phonetic transcription system)

[edit] References

[edit] Notes

^ Wells,J.C.,"Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing",Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London,UK,2001.[1].
^ Charles Q. Choi,"Speaking in Tones",Scientific American Magazine,September 2007,2 Page(s).
^ IPA: Pulmonic [2]
^ IPA: Vowels [3]
^ ^a ^b Li, Hen-zng(李獻璋),"Introduction to Ho-gen hue(福建語法序說)",Minami-kaze Bookstore(南風書局),Tokyo,Japan, Dec. 1950. (Japanese)
^ ^a ^b Dan, Hue-liong(陳輝龍),"Taiwanese(臺灣語法(全));Appendum: the Taiwanese auxiliary(附臺灣語助數詞)",Anonymous association publ.(無名會出版部),Taipei, Taiwan,July 1934. (Japanese)

[edit] External references

Kun'island Formosa Culture - DT dictionary(PDF)(鯤島本土文化-臺語通用拼音字典PDF檔) (Chinese)
World DT Association(世界臺灣語通用協會) (Chinese)
Taiwan DT(福臺語通用拼音) (Chinese)
Daiuan Iuborx(台灣郵報, The Taiwan Post) published in GDT (Min-nan) (Chinese) (English)
Formosa(Taiwan): 19th Century Images

[0] Wells,J.C.,"Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing",Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London,UK,2001.[1].

[1] Charles Q. Choi,"Speaking in Tones",Scientific American Magazine,September 2007,2 Page(s).

[2] IPA: Pulmonic [2]

[3] IPA: Vowels [3]

[Daiuaan-ghi-4] Li, Hen-zng(李獻璋),"Introduction to Ho-gen hue(福建語法序說)",Minami-kaze Bookstore(南風書局),Tokyo,Japan, Dec. 1950. (Japanese)

[Daiuaan-bunhua-5] Dan, Hue-liong(陳輝龍),"Taiwanese(臺灣語法(全));Appendum: the Taiwanese auxiliary(附臺灣語助數詞)",Anonymous association publ.(無名會出版部),Taipei, Taiwan,July 1934. (Japanese)

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