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A cutting agent is a chemical used to "cut" (dilute) illicit drugs with something less expensive than the drug itself.

[edit] Overview

The classical model of drug cutting (cf. Preble & Casey, 1969) refers to the way that illicit drugs were diluted at each stage of the chain of distribution. The rationale for such cutting is greed. A dealer can quickly turn one kilogram of a given drug into two kilograms by mixing one kilogram of adulterant/cutting agent with the original kilogram of drug. This would give the dealer two kilograms (of half-strength drug) to sell instead of one, so when the dealer sells his stock, he receives twice the revenue he would have received otherwise. Similarly, a dealer who is also an addict could take half of the kilogram for his or her own habit and then mix that amount of a cutting agent into what is left. This would essentially leave the dealer with a half-kilo of uncut drug for himself and a complete kilo with half as much drug as for him to sell.

Drug markets have changed considerably since the 1980s; greater competition, and a shift from highly structured (and thus controlled) to greatly fragmented markets has generated competition among dealers in terms of purity. Many drugs that reach the street are now only cut at the manufacture/producer stage, and these are often with 'cuts' designed to appeal to the consumer as opposed to simple diluents. The extent of cutting can vary significantly over time but for the last 15 years drugs such as heroin and cocaine have often sat at the 50% purity level. Heroin purity sitting at 50% does not mean 50% cutting agents. The other 50% could be other opiate by-products of making heroin from opium. Coomber (1997d) after having street heroin seizures from the UK re-analysed reported that nearly 50% of the samples had no cutting agents present at all. This means that 50% of street heroin in the UK in 1995 had worked its way from producer to user without being cut. Other research by Coomber (1997b) outlined how drug dealers have other ways of making profit without having to resort to cutting the drugs they sell.

Most "hard" street drugs are adulterated to some degree or another. The cutting agent used depends upon the properties of the drug to be "cut". Other drugs, such as LSD, peyote, and hallucinogenic mushrooms are rarely (if at all) adulterated. Historically MDMA tends not to be adulterated (you are more likely to find an alternative drug if it is not MDMA) and the myth of ecstasy being cut with heroin is also unsubstantiated by tens of thousands of forensic pill/powder tests.

Some street drugs can be as low as 10-15% of the active drug, with the other (85-90%) not necessarily being the "cut". In fact a heroin sample of only 20% purity may have no cutting agents in it at all. The other 80% may be impurities produced in the manufacture process and the substances by products of this process and/or degradation of the drug if improperly stored. Many overdoses of regular drug users reflect binge use and/or (usually the case) co-drug use especially with alcohol. Another common overdose cause relates to newly released from prison drug users that have lost their tolerance and overdose when resuming. Reports of deaths from high purity heroin often occur with one individual in a group where none of the others die. This suggests that factors mentioned above (co-drug use/reduced tolerance etc) are primary factors.

When choosing a cutting agent, the illegal drug manufacturer or dealer would ideally attempt to find a chemical that is inexpensive, easy to obtain, relatively non-toxic, and mimics the physical attributes of the drug to be adulterated. For example, if a drug is soluble in water, the preferred adulterant would also be water-soluble. Similar melting and boiling points are also important if the drug is to be smoked.

[edit] See also

• Lacing (drugs)

[edit] References

• Coomber, R. (1997a) Vim in the Veins - Fantasy or Fact: The Adulteration of Illicit Drugs, Addiction Research, Vol 5, No. 3. pp. 195-212
• Coomber, R. (1997b) The Adulteration of Drugs: What Dealers Do, What Dealers Think, Addiction Research, Vol 5, No. 4. pp. 297-306
• Coomber, R. (1997c) ‘Adulteration of Drugs: The Discovery of a Myth', Contemporary Drug Problems, Vol 24, No. 2. pp. 239-271
• Coomber, R. (1997d) ‘How Often Does the Adulteration/Dilution of Heroin Actually Occur: An Analysis of 228 ‘Street' Samples Across the UK (1995-1996) and Discussion of Monitoring Policy', International Journal of Drug Policy, 8(4): 178-186
• Preble, E. and Casey, J.J. (1969) `Taking Care of Business - The Heroin User's Life on the Street', in, International Journal of the Addictions, 4, pp. 1-24.