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Critical Mass:

This article is about bicycle mass events. For the nuclear reaction, see Critical mass. For other uses of "critical mass", see Critical mass (disambiguation).

It has been suggested that Chicago hold-up be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

Melbourne Critical Mass 10th anniversary ride 2005

Critical Mass is a bicycling event typically held on the last Friday of every month in over 300 cities around the world.^[1] While the ride was originally founded with the idea of drawing attention to how unfriendly the city was to bicyclists,^[2] the leaderless structure of Critical Mass makes it impossible to assign it any one specific goal. In fact, the purpose of Critical Mass is not formalized beyond the direct action of meeting at a set location and time and traveling as a group through city or town streets.

1 Background
2 History
3 Structure
4 Vocabulary
5 Corking
6 Reaction and controversy
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

[edit] Background

70,000 wheels in the air: Bikelifting after the Hungarian Critical Mass, Budapest, September 22, 2007

Critical Mass rides have been perceived as protest activities. A 2006 New Yorker magazine article described Critical Mass' activity in New York City as "monthly political-protest rides", and characterized Critical Mass as a part of a social movement;^[3] and the UK e-zine Urban75, which advertises as well as publishes photographs of the Critical Mass event in London, describes this as "the monthly protest by cyclists reclaiming the streets of London."^[4] However, Critical Mass participants have insisted that these events should be viewed as "celebrations" and spontaneous gatherings, and not as protests or organized demonstrations.^[5]^[6] This stance allows Critical Mass to argue a legal position that its events can occur without advance notification of local police.^[7]^[8]

Critical Mass rides vary greatly in many respects, including frequency and number of participants that directly result in the endangerment of legitimate cyclists. For example, many small cities have monthly Critical Mass rides with fewer than twenty riders which offer safety in numbers^[9] to cyclists in those locales, while on the opposite extreme, in what have been the largest events using the name Critical Mass, cyclists in Budapest, Hungary hold only two rides each year on September 22 (International Car Free Day) and April 22 (Earth Day). The 'Budapest style' attracts tens of thousands of riders.^[10] The April 20, 2008 Budapest ride participation was generally estimated at 80,000 riders.^[11]^[12]

[edit] History

San Francisco Critical Mass, April 29, 2005.

Critical Mass in Seattle, Washington

The first ride took place on Friday, September 25, 1992 at 6 p.m. in San Francisco. At that time, the event was known as Commute Clot and was composed of a couple of dozen cyclists who had received flyers on Market Street.^[2]

Shortly after this, some participants in that ride went to a local bicycle shop for a screening of Ted White's documentary Return of the Scorcher, about bike culture overseas. In that film, American human powered vehicle and pedicab designer George Bliss noted that, in China, both motorists and bicyclists had an understood method of negotiating intersections without signals. Traffic would "bunch up" at these intersections until the backlog reached a "critical mass", at which point that mass would move through the intersection. That term from the movie was applied to the ride,^[13] and the name caught on, replacing "Commute Clot" by the time of the second event.^[2]

By the time of the fourth ride, the number of cyclists had increased to around 100 and participation continued to grow dramatically, reaching about 1,000 riders, on average.^[2]

The name was soon adopted as a generic label by participants in similar but independent mass rides that were either initiated in various locations around the world at around the same time, or had already existed before 1992 under other names. It is estimated that there are Critical Mass-type rides in more than 325 cities to date. The term "masser" is sometimes applied to frequent participants.^[14]

[edit] Structure

Critical Mass differs from many other social movements in its rhizomal (rather than hierarchical) structure. Critical Mass is sometimes called an "organized coincidence", with no leadership or membership. The routes of some rides are decided spontaneously by whoever is currently at the front of the ride, others are decided prior to the ride by a popular vote of suggested routes often drawn up on photocopied flyers. The term xerocracy was coined to describe a process by which the route for a Critical Mass can be decided: anyone who has an opinion makes their own map and distributes it to the cyclists participating in the Mass. Still other rides decide the route by consensus. The "disorganized" nature of the event allows it to largely escape clampdown by authorities who may view the rides as forms of parades or organized protest. Additionally, the movement is free from the structural costs associated with a centralized, hierarchical organization. In order for the event to function, the only requirement is a sufficient turn-out to create a "critical mass" of riders dense enough to occupy a piece of road to the exclusion of drivers of motorized vehicles, pedestrians, and other road users.^{[citation needed]} Authorities in New York, California and Oregon have expressed concern with the difficulty of coordinating with the riders, due to the lack of leadership.^[15]^[16]^[17]

The city of New Haven includes the event in its city-published Green Map.^[18]

[edit] Vocabulary

Bikelifting at the start of the autumn Critical Mass in Budapest, Hungary. Hősök tere.

Detail from the November 20, 1992 flyer by Joel Pomerantz which introduced the concept of corking.

Due to the unorganized nature of Critical Mass, no standard vocabulary exists. This section outlines words and phrases that have become popular in some cities that hold Critical Mass events.

Bike-lifting (Also known in Chicago as the Chicago hold-up): Bike-lifting is when a participant raises his or her bicycle in the air. This occurs when an intersection is corked, when a cyclone is occurring, or at any point a participant desires to hold a bicycle in the air.

Corking: Corking (described in detail below) is a tactic used to prevent traffic from entering the path of the cyclists.

Cyclone: Cyclones form when the mass begins to circle an intersection. Popular in Chicago's large six-point intersections, cyclones can be used to "mass up" the critical mass, so that it can maintain the density of cyclists necessary to prevent the flow of automotive traffic. The tactic also allows splinter masses time to rejoin the group.

Die-in: Die-ins are when participants lay down on the ground with their bikes to symbolize cyclist deaths and injuries caused by automobiles.

"Mass up" or "Mass it up": In the middle or at the end of the group of cyclists, the number of cyclists traveling on the road can grow thin, resulting in dangerous conditions for riders if automotive traffic attempts to cut through the middle of the mass while cyclists are still passing. Participants in some cities will yell "mass up" or "mass it up" in order to tell the front of the group to slow down. Different tactics are used to mass up such as simply slowing down or stopping as well as cycloning.

Splinter mass: Splinter masses are a common occurrence due to the unorganized nature of the event. A splinter mass occurs when a smaller group of the larger critical mass separates from the main mass inadvertently. They often no longer possess a mass that is "critical" enough to stop traffic. "Massing up" allows splinter masses to rejoin the group.

[edit] Corking

Because Critical Mass takes place without an official route or sanction, participants in some cities have sometimes practiced a tactic known as "corking" in order to maintain the cohesion of the group. This tactic consists of a few riders blocking traffic from side roads so that the mass can freely proceed through red lights without interruption. Corking allows the mass to engage in a variety of activities, such as forming a cyclone, lifting their bikes in a tradition known as a "Bike Lift" (in Chicago this is referred to as a Chicago hold-up), or to perform a "die-in" where riders lie on the ground with their bikes to symbolise cyclist deaths and injuries caused by automobiles, very popular in Montreal. The 'Corks' sometimes take advantage of their time corking to distribute flyers.

Critics argue that the practice of corking roads in order to pass through red lights as a group is contrary to Critical Mass' claim that "we are traffic", since ordinary traffic (including bicycle traffic) does not usually have the right to go through intersections once the traffic signal has changed to red. Corking has sometimes led to hostility between motorists and riders, even erupting into violence and arrests of motorists and cyclists alike during Critical Mass rides.^[19]

[edit] Reaction and controversy

[edit] General impact

The name of the event has been subjected to word play in many contexts, ranging from advertising campaigns for commercial products to numerous other public events,^[20] some with only remote similarities to Critical Mass.^{[citation needed]} The extensive news coverage of San Francisco's July 1997 ride spawned an international celebration of bicycling, called Bike Summer;^[21] in Chicago, a movement has grown out of the Critical Mass community to promote winter cycling via the bikewinter campaign.^[22] The Rand Corporation produced a white paper entitled "What Next for Networks and Netwars?" analyzing the tactics of the ride, as part of an evaluation of decentralized decision-making for potential military battlefield use.^[23] The ride has generated books,^[24] documentary films,^[25] murals,^[26] and other secondary artifacts. There is generally public support for the event, with many spectators cheering and enjoying the colorful festival-like events.^[27]

[edit] Conflicts involving Critical Mass

Main article: Conflicts involving Critical Mass

Critical Mass rides have generated considerable controversy and public opposition.^[28] In some cases, protesters are present at Critical Mass events to oppose the group's methods. In other cases, conflicts between motorists and cyclists have escalated to intentional vehicle collisions or police involvement.

In response to a large Critical Mass turnout during the 2004 Republican National Convention, the New York Police Department (NYPD) has controversially spent millions of U.S dollars on a campaign to disrupt, assault and terminate the monthly New York City Critical Mass ride. Helicopters, mass-arrests, frequent violent arrests and hazardous riding by bicycle police have been common tactics in this campaign, causing many injuries as well as lawsuits. The City of New York has launched a large lawsuit against four young environmentalist volunteers whom they have chosen to name as leaders of the NYC ride.

[edit] Reaction of other cyclists

Some bicycling advocacy groups have expressed concern that the "subversive" nature of Critical Mass and altercations with motorists could weaken public support for bicyclists.^[16] Though it does not condone incidents of violence and rudeness, the San Francisco Bicycle Coalition credits Critical Mass with spotlighting bicycle issues and aiding their efforts in advocating for cyclists.^[2]

Still other cyclists and motorists believe that altercations with motorists during the rides have led to a perception among motorists that cyclists are willing to defend themselves by physical force.^[29] News reports and videotapes of altercations with motorists have turned off some cyclists, and aroused the sympathy and solidarity of other cyclists. Often, such news reports bring many new, first-time riders out to the rides the following month, and in the future.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Critical Manners

In San Francisco, an event known as "Critical Manners" was created as a response to Critical Mass. Critical Manners rides through the city on the second Friday of the month, with riders encouraged to obey all traffic laws such as stopping at red lights and signaling.^[30]^[31]^[32] Tucson, Arizona holds the Tuesday Night Community Bike Ride as their alternative to Critical Mass. The weekly ride encourages bicycle commuting and motor vehicle awareness in a peaceful and friendly way.^{[citation needed]}

In 2007 there were conversations about starting Critical Manners in Portland, Oregon.^[33] According to the Critical Mass book, edited by Chris Carlsson, rider Michael Bluejay of Austin, TX has worked on one of his projects, Courteous Mass described as "an alternative to Critical Mass."

An alternative ride named RideCivil formed in Seattle, Washington in late 2007 [1]. Rides are on the 2nd Friday of every month, and focus on encouraging civility between motorists, pedestrians and cyclists. Information may be found at [2].

[edit] Other movements

The Critical Mass rides have inspired a number of other bicycle movements, that range from political movements to the "Critical Tits" ride during the yearly Burning Man festival.^[34] Examples of Critical Mass rides for political movements includes the Free Tibet Rides (May 2008): Free Tibet Critical Mass in Columbia, MO, "Tibetan Freedom Bike Rally" in San Francisco (Aug 2008), and in "Bike Ride for Tibet" in London (Aug 2008).^[35] Critical Sass is an all female version of the ride in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, takes place the second Friday of every month.

[edit] Gallery

Critical Mass gathering in Chicago.	Critical Mass Chicago, passing the Haymarket Monument.	London Critical Mass, April 28, 2006 - 12th Anniversary.	Rome Critical Mass, 29th July, 2005.
Cyclists in Critical Mass ride through Times Square in New York City on July 30, 2004.	Critical Mass at Heroes' Square, Budapest, April 22, 2006.	Critical Mass San Francisco Embarcadero and Bay Bridge 9/29/06.	Critical Mass San Francisco Broadway Tunnel 9/29/06.
Critical Mass San Francisco Market St. 9/29/06.	Critical Mass San Francisco Columbus St. 8/27/04.	Critical Mass forming in San Diego at the Bea Evenson Fountain in Balboa Park 7/27/07	Bikelifting before the autumn Critical Mass in Budapest, Hungary. Heroes' square. 09/22/08

[edit] See also

Clothing-optional bike rides, including Critical Ass and World Naked Bike Ride
Go Skateboarding Day
Reclaim the Streets
Time's Up!
World Carfree Network

[edit] References

This article's citation style may be unclear. The references used may be clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking.