This article is about contemporary Jewish religious music. For the main article on religious Jewish music, see Religious Jewish music.

Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 What is contemporary? 1.2 What is Jewish? 1.3 What is religious? 2 History 2.1 Israeli Influence on Worship Music 2.2 The Chassidic Style 2.3 Influence of the Reform Summer Camp Movement 2.4 Beyond the Folk Genre 2.5 Important Figures 3 Modern Trends 3.1 Trends in the Orthodox Community 3.2 Trends in the Reform and Conservative Communities 3.3 Children's Music 4 References 5 Bibliography

[edit] Introduction

Jewish ethnomusicologist Mark Kligman notes, “The scope of contemporary Jewish music encompasses a wide range of genres and styles, including music for the synagogue, folk and popular music on religious themes, Yiddish songs, klezmer music, Israeli music, and art music by serious composers. Every sector of the Jewish community – from the most right-wing Orthodox to the most secular – participates in the Jewish music endeavor, creating, performing, and listening to the particular music that meets its taste and needs.”^[1]

The question of what is Jewish music and what makes music Jewish continues to be explored in academic and artistic circles alike. It may be seen in the work of Velvel Pasternak, who has spent much of the late twentieth century as a preservationist committing what had been a strongly oral tradition to paper. Also, John Zorn's record label, Tzadik, features a "Radical Jewish Culture" series that focuses on exploring what contemporary Jewish music is and what it offers to contemporary Jewish culture.

[edit] What is contemporary?

For the purposes of this article, “contemporary” refers to the period from 1967 (Israel’s Six-Day War) to the present day.

[edit] What is Jewish?

In this article, “Jewish” refers to the various streams and traits of Ashkenazic Judaism practiced in North America. To learn about other Jewish communities, see the article on Jewish ethnic divisions.

[edit] What is religious?

Many Orthodox Jews use the term “religious” to refer to a strict adherence to Jewish law. For the purposes of this article, “religious” refers to the content and context of the music itself: liturgical or implicit references to the divine.

[edit] History

[edit] Israeli Influence on Worship Music

With the founding of the State of Israel in 1948, American Jews showed increasing interest in Israeli music. This trend dramatically accelerated with the Six Day War. “The practice of singing Israeli songs in American synagogues, camps, and at social gatherings, which spread in the 1950s, accelerated in the 1960s and 1970s as young American Jews looked to Israel as a positive model for Jewish identity, and the songs’ popularity also served as a Jewishly unifying factor.”^[1] The Reform Movement, which previously had used Ashkenazic (reflecting a German-Polish tradition) pronunciation of Hebrew in its worship, switched to Sephardic pronunciation (reflecting the way Israelis spoke).^[2]

[edit] The Chassidic Style

Another initial development in the 1950s and early 1960s was the recording of noncantorial Jewish music, beginning with Benzion Shenker’s recording of the music of the Modzitz chassidic sect.^[1] Another development was the 1969 inception of the annual Israeli Chassidic Song Festival, which over the next few years saw the premieres of pieces like Nurit Hirsh’s “Oseh Shalom;” Tzvika Pik’s “Sh’ma Yisrael;” and Shlomo Carlebach’s “Od Yishama” and “V’ha’eir Eineinu."^[1]

[edit] Influence of the Reform Summer Camp Movement

From almost the beginning of Reform worship, the music centered around the use of organ and choir. Whereas traditional Jewish worship centered around the cantor, this role became "a relic of the past and was replaced by professional musicians, usually a choir director and an organist who were not necessarily Jewish but who, in conjunction with the rabbi, chose the music for the synagogue."^[2]

Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, a new genre of worship music grew out of the summer camp movement. It was largely influenced by the folk music revival of the time, when "young people such as Debbie Friedman and Jeff Klepper turned away from the paradigm of organ and choir that they knew in their home synagogues, and composed new music for acoustic guitar and group singing.”^[3] This new style focused on making the music "simpler, thoroughly democratic in its singability, largely Hebrew, and playable on guitar."^[2]

[edit] Beyond the Folk Genre

At the same time as the folk revival made waves in Jewish worship, established composers like Gershon Kingsley and Raymond Smolover utilized contemporary genres like jazz and rock in their compositions. Their compositions were "not necessarily simplistic and overly informal; [they] provided sophisticated rhythms and lyrical melodies where before synagogue music had been more sedate."^[2] As in the broader world, the influence of rock music was debated and still is in some circles.

Periodically Jewish music jumps into mainstream consciousness, with the reggae artist Matisyahu being the most recent example. The 2007 Grammy awards were a landmark in Jewish Music, as the Klezmatics (a klezmer/folk group) became the first Jewish band to win a Grammy. Their music combines lyrics by the late Woody Guthrie, the famous American lyricist, with classical klezmer tunes.

[edit] Important Figures

Shlomo Carlebach is considered by many to be the most influential Jewish songwriter of the last half century.
Michael Isaacson grew up in Reform Jewish summer camps and was the primary innovator in Jewish camp music. He has since established himself as a prominent composer of synagogue music.
Debbie Friedman, another product of Reform Jewish summer camps, was the first woman to set religious Jewish texts in the American folk genre, rendering them easily accessible and popular across the denominations. Her settings of "Havdalah" and "Mi Shebeirach" are ubiquitous in virtually every Jewish community. Julie Silver and Rabbi Shefa Gold have both followed in Debbie Friedman's footsteps as prolific female composers of contemporary Jewish religious music in their own right.
Kol b'Seder, consisting of Cantor Jeff Klepper and Rabbi Daniel Freelander, also arose out of the Reform Jewish camp movement as one of the pioneering groups devoted to composing and fostering what is sometimes called “American Nusach:” the late 20th century refashioning of liberal Jewish worship to reflect the attitudes and beliefs of life in North America. Some of their well-known settings include "Modeh Ani L'fanecha," "Or Zarua," and "Shalom Rav."
Craig Taubman grew up in Conservative Jewish camps and has also contributed a great deal of music to the genre, such as his settings of "L'cha Dodi," "Rom'mu" and "Hashkiveinu." He was also the creator of the popular "Friday Night Live" rock Shabbat service in Los Angeles.
Safam, a six-man band founded in Boston in 1973, prides itself on a "Jewish-American Sound:" a wide breadth of American musical styles while maintaining a decidedly Jewish flavor. One of the group's founders, Robert Solomon, is a prominent cantor and composer in his own right.
Danny Maseng is an Israeli-born actor, singer, writer and composer whose settings of prayers "Elohai n'tzor" and "Mah tovu" have become among the most popular used in Reform synagogues today.
Mah Tovu, whose primary members are Rabbis Ken Chasen and Josh Zweiback, are also actively contributing to the genre with their settings of "Tov l'Hodot," "Hashkiveinu," and creative arrangement of the classic rock tune "Louie, Louie" sung to the words "Pharoah, Pharoah."

[edit] Modern Trends

[edit] Trends in the Orthodox Community

In recent years, the time lag in style between the broad music world and its adoption by the Jewish music world had been decreasing. Many groups and singers have released albums with noticeable influences from contemporary pop, rock etc. music. This is partly a result of a new wave of young Jewish musicians arriving out of Yeshivas and universities. Examples of this trend include The Chevra with clear pop-boy band overtones and dance moves and Blue Fringe with its extended jam sessions echoing Phish and the Dave Matthews Band. Other examples include acts such as Chaim Dovid or Shlomo Katz who echo Shlomo Carlebach's musical style.

One type of music is very popular among Orthodox artists and their listeners. This type of music usually consists of a formulaic mix usually consisting of brass, horns and strings. These songs are often a joint effort by a composer and an arranger with the singer having little to no input^{[citation needed]}. Many of the entertainers are former yeshiva students, and perform dressed in a dress suit. Many have day jobs or are in kollel and sideline singing at Jewish weddings. Musical background and training varies from no formal training to very high levels (though rarely academic).

Lyrics are most commonly short passages in Hebrew from the Torah or the siddur, with the occasional passage from the Talmud. Sometimes there are songs with original lyrics compiled in English , Hebrew or Yiddish, with central themes such as Jerusalem, the Holocaust, Jewish identity, and the Jewish diaspora.

As a solution to the Jewish law against men hearing women singing Jewish boys choirs became popular in 1970s. Among the more notable of these groups are Pirchei London, the Toronto Boys Choir, the Miami Boys Choir and the Yeshiva Boys Choir. Currently the Miami Boys Choir led by Yerachmiel Begun is perhaps the most popular, with a number of albums amongst the top record sales in Orthodox Jewish circles.

In addition to Matisyahu, some well-known Orthodox contemporary Jewish musicians include Yossi Green, Martin Davidson and Abie Rotenberg; a well-known arranger of this type of music is Yisroel Lamm. Popular artists include Avraham Fried, Lipa Schmeltzer, Mordechai Ben David, Dedi Graucher, Yaakov Shwekey, Six13, and Yehuda!

[edit] Trends in the Reform and Conservative Communities

The Reform summer camps continue to be a source of contemporary Jewish worship music, where artists like Craig Taubman^[4], Dan Nichols^[5], Rick Recht^[6] and others have shared their newest compositions with the latest generation of campers. Nichols and Recht are among the leading Jewish rock singers of the present day and remain extremely popular among Jewish summer campers. The "camp circuit," as it sometimes referred to, also allows artists to present their music to the camp directors, counselors, and songleaders, many of whom are or will be seminarians at Hebrew Union College. Thus the next generation of clergy is exposed to new contemporary worship music, and they in turn will bring it to their pulpits.

In the last few years, artists like The Josh Nelson Project and Naomi Less have begun infusing an even more pop- and rock-oriented sound into Jewish music. Naomi Less's "Jewish Chicks Rock," according to her website, "amplifies empowerment and positive self-esteem messages to both girls and co-ed audiences in her music." Nelson and Less both use Jewish themes and occasional liturgical references, even as they reframe these ideas with original English lyrics into a contemporary pop sound.

Other emerging contemporary Jewish musicians in the Reform and Conservative communities include Michelle Citrin (perhaps most famous for her "I Gotta Love You Rosh Hashanah" and "Pass the Candle" videos), Noam Katz, Sheldon Low, and Chana Rothman.

[edit] Children's Music

A large body of music produced by Orthodox Jews for children is geared toward teaching religious and ethical traditions and laws. The lyrics of these songs are generally written in English with some Hebrew or Yiddish phrases. Country Yossi, Abie Rotenberg, Uncle Moishy, and the producers of the 613 Torah Avenue series are examples of Orthodox Jewish musicians/entertainers whose music teach children Jewish traditions. Parallel performers exist in Israel with the lyric in Hebrew or Yiddish.

In the Reform and Conservative communities, there has been a vast body of contemporary children's music written in the last 20 years. Children's music tends to focus on teaching Jewish values and ethics, Hebrew alef-bet and vocabulary, and teaching about the holidays. Though well-known Jewish songwriters like Debbie Friedman and Craig Taubman have written many children's songs, there are some who focus almost exclusively on this genre, like Peter and Ellen Allard and Shira Kline.

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Brown, Ellen. "The Soundtrack of Your Life." Cleveland Jewish News. October 16, 2009.
• Daniels, Cynthia. "Teenagers Get Down With Jewish Rock." Los Angeles Times. Aug 28, 2004.
• Dreyfus, Benjamin. "Hear the echos of Miriam's song: American nusach in concert.” Studies in Jewish musical traditions: insights from the Harvard collection of Judaica sound recordings, Kay Kaufman Shelemay. Cambridge, MA : Harvard College Library, 2001: 33-50.
• Kligman, Mark. “Contemporary Jewish Music in America.” American Jewish Year Book 101 (2001): 88-141.
• Schiller, Benjie-Ellen. “The Hymnal as an Index of Musical Change in Reform Synagogues.” Sacred Sound and Social Change, Lawrence A. Hoffman and Janet R. Walton. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992: 187-212.
• "Shaare Emeth to host Dan Nichols." St. Louis Post Dispatch. April 5, 2006, Page A4.
• "Temple Singer Goes Secular." Charlotte Observer - July 6, 1994