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Consumer finance in the most basic sense of the word refers to any kind of lending to consumers. However, in the United States financial services industry, the term "consumer finance" often refers to a particular type of business, sub prime branch lending (that is lending to people with less than perfect credit). This branch of the financial services industry is more extensive in the United States than in some other countries, because the major banks in the U.S. are less willing to lend to people with marginal credit ratings than their counterparts in many other countries. Examples of these companies include American General Finance, Inc.,Duvera Financial, Inc., Lendmark Financial Services, Inc., HSBC Finance, CIT, CitiFinancial, and Wells Fargo Financial.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] The term as used in the United States

The Consumer Finance industry (meaning branch-based subprime lenders) mainly came to fruition in the middle of the twentieth century. At that time, these companies were all stand-alone companies not owned by banks and an alternative to banks. However, at that time, the companies were not focused on subprime lending. Instead, they attempted to lend to everyone who would accept their high rates of interest. There were many reasons why certain people would:

Banks made it difficult to obtain personal credit. Banks did not have the wide variety of programs or aggressive marketing that they do today.
Many people simply didn't like to deal with bank employees and branches, preferring the more relaxed environment of a consumer finance company.
Consumer finance companies focused on lowering the required monthly payment for their customer's debts. Many customers^[who?] would gladly refinance $10,000.00 worth of auto loan debt at 7 percent interest in a home equity loan at 18 percent interest because the auto loan would have to be paid off in 5 years while the home equity loan would have a 20 year repayment plan, making the required monthly payments for the customer lower (even though overall, the customer would end up paying dramatically more).

Besides charging a higher interest rate to compensate for their risk, consumer finance companies are usually able to operate successfully because their employees are given more flexibility in structuring loans and in collections than banks.

[edit] Controversial practices of the United States consumer finance industry

The more dubious consumer finance companies are known to engage in the following practices:

Failing to tell people who ask for a loan from the lender that they really have good credit and can get a better deal somewhere else (a subprime loan is usually more expensive than a prime loan). This is one of the primary criticisms of the industry and is implied in many other's critiques. For example, consumer finance companies have been called racist because of branches they might have opened in primarily African American areas. If their customers all had bad credit they would be working in the same way they would elsewhere, but it is implied that they are preying on the communities' lack of knowledge of lower priced alternatives.
Sending live checks through the mail which, when used, become loans. This can trick some people, and the interest rate is usually purposely high (although disclosed)
Charging very high fees on a mortgage refinance.
Offering refinance deals that are worse than the previous loan, usually by showing that the new payment will be lower, but not revealing that the new payment does not include taxes and insurance.
Selling single premium credit insurance, also financing that into the loan

Critics also consider the concept and geographical placement of consumer finance stores as a form of "redlining". This is because the sub prime lenders in poorer communities will often be the only local store, yet will be higher priced.

[edit] See also