Consortium imperii is a Latin term dating from the Roman dominate, denoting the sharing of imperial authority between two or more emperors, hence designated as consors imperii, i.e. "partner in (exercising) imperium", either as formal equals or in subordination; the junior is then often the senior's designated heir—not necessarily the natural one—and successor. The purpose can be either to share the burden of government and/or to ensure smooth succession, as rivalry at these moments was a major threat to the stability of the Empire, but the net result was often more civil war.

Although in political reality adoption was an alternative technique to aim for the same result in terms of succession (succeeding to produce one genealogically "false" but politically satisfactory dynasty of so-called adoptive emperors), constitutionally, this was a horror as the republic had never been abandoned in law, so monarchical succession in the principate, however realistic, was officially out of the question, regardless of the trappings during the dominate; designation could at least be justified by qualitative criteria.

Contents 1 Roman consortia imperii 2 Surprising legacy 3 Sources and references 4 See also

[edit] Roman consortia imperii

• An early case of one emperor, remaining "sole sovereign" in charge but designating one junior and successor, was Marcus Aurelius (reigned 161–180 AD), who designated Lucius Verus—but on his death his son Commodus, whom he wanted to pass by, managed to seize the throne.
• Emperor Diocletian attempted an elaborate system with four emperors (two seniors styled Augustus, each with a junior styled Caesar), called the Tetrarchy. Revolutionary was the notion that each was to be simultaneously in permanent charge of one quarter of the empire, not just sharing in central government. The experiment did not live up to its promise, as succession was not smoothened but contention multiplied, so the quadruple emperorship was abandoned—not the quarters, which remained as administrative and military divisions called praetorian prefecture, as did the lower level, called diocese, and the smaller size (and larger number) of Roman provinces.
• The Roman empire was soon to be split for good, but in two halves: West (declining) and East (richer, so ascending), each under a sovereign emperor, in charge of two praetorian prefectures, each with or without a partner in his government.
• Both the notion of "partnership" (often described as "associate rulers") and Diocletian's titulature, but mainly versed in Greek (Sebastos for Augustus, a literal translation), became quite common is the eastern empire, i.e. Byzantium, which lasted a further millennium after the fall of the western ("true" Roman) empire.
• This is not to be confused with the hostile co-existence of a Latin empire of Constantinople established by Catholic crusaders on territories seized from the "Greek" (Orthodox Byzantine) empire(s)

[edit] Surprising legacy

However, the August titles were to lose their imperial meaning in Byzantium, as there was an "inflation" (as with court ranks, usually not reserved for the imperial family) through multiplication of incumbents, mainly within the imperial dynasty; in time an impressive scala of pseudo-imperial titles developed, often variations on the Diocletian theme, such as protosebastos, pansebastos.

Indeed, such titles were even bestowed as a reward or other diplomatic manoeuvre on princes of allies—even grudgingly conceded on proud enemies to be kept at distance at any cost. Obviously, none of these had a real association with the imperial throne of the second Rome, but the awarding of the (meanwhile very devaluated) title Caesar to invaders, mainly on the Balkans, Slavonic and Bulgarian, gave rise to its corruption to czar, a style thus better rendered by king than by emperor, hence logically abandoned in official use, in favor of imperator and autocrat—both expressing their claim to be the "third Rome" as heir to the Byzantine leadership of orthodoxy—by the very Russian monarchs (formerly grand princes of Moscovia) who in common language are generally named Tsars, who in fact only continued to use this style for lesser principalities merged into the imperial Russian crown.

[edit] Sources and references

• Pauly-Wissowa (in German)

[edit] See also

• Co-dictatorship