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There are two very different kinds of Citizenship education,

The first is education intended to prepare noncitizens to become legally and socially accepted as citizens. Secondly, there is Citizenship Education that is taught in schools, as an academic subject similar to politics or sociology.

[edit] Citizenship education for new citizens

Education intended to prepare noncitizens to become legally and social accepted as citizens is carried out by a variety of governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGO).

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the [United States], government programs prepared immigrants to take citizenship exams or qualify for citizenship. Many corporations, most prominently Ford, offered similar programs to their employees and families of their employees. In addition, various charities also provided this service.

In the United Kingdom in 2002, David Blunkett introduced a series of proposals where immigrants would take a US-style "Citizenship Exam" and swear a pledge of allegiance before they could be granted British nationality. Before being given a passport, applicants must read Life in the United Kingdom (a book preparing immigrants for the test) and sit a 45-minute test on British society, history and culture.

[edit] Citizenship education in schools

[edit] England

In 2002, Citizenship was introduced as a statutory subject in the English National Curriculum, following the recommendations of the Crick Report in 1998.^[1] It is taught as part of the school curriculum to all pupils aged 11-16 years old in English maintained schools.

The National Curriculum for citizenship in England contributes to the overall aims of the national curriculum, that children should develop as successful learners, confident individuals and responsible citizens who make a positive contribution to society. The Citizenship curriculum is based on key concepts (democracy, justice, rights and responsibilities, identities and diversity) that children need to understand and key processes and skills (critical thinking and enquiry, advocacy and representation, taking informed and responsible action) they need to develop. The National Curriculum for citizenship sets out teaching requirements that address a wide range of content including politics and government, the legal system, the media, multiculturalism, equal opportunities, human rights, European and global education. Teachers use topical political and social issues to bring citizenship content to life and to help pupils develop key citizenship skills of research, discussion and debate, as well as to represent the views of others, think critically, evaluate and reflect. The Citizenship curriculum aims to develop student's ability to participate in communities and wider society as informed, critical and responsible citizens. The purpose of "active citizenship" is to teach students to work together and take practical action, using their Citizenship knowledge and understanding to contribute to a better society. For example, after learning about human rights, diversity and inequality, students might decide to set up a project to address racism in their school or local community. Other examples of active Citizenship projects include starting recycling programmes, setting up student action groups to address bullying or promote fair trade or campaigning to lower the voting age to 16.

A GCSE in "Citizenship Studies" is available for students in key stage 4. The three main awarding bodies in England (AQA, OCR and Edexcel) offer this qualification as a full and a short course. More than 300,000 young people have now attained this qualification since it was first available in 2002. The qualification includes a controlled assessment based on an active citizenship project they have taken part in. There is also an A level in Citizenship Studies which is available through AQA.

The review by Sir Jim Rose of the primary national curriculum is expected to lead the introduction of citizenship as a statutory part of the primary education during 2010. Most primary schools already teach citizenship through their curriculum. Materials to support the teaching of citizenship in primary and secondary schools and in post 16 settings are published by QCA (now the Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency).

In October 2005, the House of Commons Education and Skills Select Committee began an inquiry into Citizenship Education, which reported in March 2007.^[2] They took written and oral evidence from a wide range of organisations including the Department of Education and Skills, the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority, the Learning and Skills Network, Ofsted, the Association of Citizenship Teachers (ACT), the Citizenship Foundation and the Hansard Society.

The Committee concluded that "It is too early to say with any degree of confidence whether citizenship education is producing the wide range of impacts originally hoped for. Initial evidence from small-scale studies and the experience of individual institutions is promising but on its own not enough...The imperative now is to ensure that patchiness [in the provision of citizenship teaching] is not allowed to remain, that high quality provision becomes the norm, and that progress is accelerated. This will require action from those on the ground, but also needs strong support from the DfES and Ministers."^[2]

[edit] Republic of Ireland

Citizenship studies was introduced as a compulsory subject in the 1990s in the Republic of Ireland. It is known as CSPE (Civic, Social and Political Education) and is taught to 12-16 year olds. In 2009 it is expected that an additional subject currently under the working title 'Society and Politics' will be offered as a subject to students between 16-18 years of age in high schools in the Republic of Ireland.

[edit] France

In France citizenship education is known as ECJS (education civique, juridique et sociale).

[edit] Spain

In Spain a recent law introduced EpC (Educación para la Ciudadanía).

[edit] References

^ Advisory Group on Citizenship (22 September 1998). "Education for citizenship and the teaching of democracy in schools". QCA. http://www.qca.org.uk/libraryAssets/media/6123_crick_report_1998.pdf.
^ ^a ^b House of Commons Education and Skills Select Committee (2006-2007), Citizenship Education, HC 147

[edit] See also

Citizenship for new citizens

Citizenship education in schools

[edit] External links