Cardiomyopathy Information & Cardiomyopathy Links at HealthHaven.com

Cardiomyopathy
	Classification and external resources
	; Opened left ventricle of heart shows a thickened, dilated left ventricle with subendocardial fibrosis manifested as increased whiteness of endocardium. Autopsy.
ICD-10	I42.0
ICD-9	425.4
DiseasesDB	2137
MedlinePlus	001105
MeSH	D009202

Cardiomyopathy, which literally means "heart muscle disease," is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death or both.^[1]

Cardiomyopathies can be categorized as extrinsic or intrinsic.^[2]

[edit] Extrinsic cardiomyopathies

These are cardiomyopathies where the primary pathology is outside the myocardium itself. Most cardiomyopathies are extrinsic, because by far the most common cause of a cardiomyopathy is ischemia. The World Health Organization calls these specific cardiomyopathies:^[2]

Congenital heart disease
Nutritional diseases
Ischemic (or non-ischaemic) cardiomyopathy
Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
Valvular cardiomyopathy
Inflammatory cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy secondary to a systemic metabolic disease
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy

[edit] Ischemic cardiomyopathy

Commonly used term "ischemic cardiomyopathy," referring to myocardial ischemia and infarction, is not supported by current cardiomyopathies classification schemes^[3]^[4].

Ischemic cardiomyopathy is a weakness in the muscle of the heart due to inadequate oxygen delivery to the myocardium with coronary artery disease being the most common cause. Anemia and sleep apnea are relatively common conditions that can contribute to ischemic myocardium and hyperthyroidism can cause a 'relative' ischemia secondary to high output heart failure. Individuals with ischemic cardiomyopathy typically have a history of myocardial infarction (heart attack), although longstanding ischemia can cause enough damage to the myocardium to precipitate a clinically significant cardiomyopathy even in the absence of myocardial infarction. In a typical presentation, the area of the heart affected by a myocardial infarction will initially become necrotic as it dies, and will then be replaced by myocardial scarring (fibrosis). This fibrotic tissue is akinetic; it is no longer muscle and cannot contribute to the heart's function as a pump. If the akinetic region of the heart is substantial enough, the affected side of the heart (i.e. the left or right side) will go into failure, and this failure is the functional result of an ischemic cardiomyopathy.

refer to "takotsubo cardiomyopathy"

[edit] Cardiomyopathy due to systemic diseases

Many diseases can result in cardiomyopathy. These include diseases like hemochromatosis, (an abnormal accumulation of iron in the liver and other organs), amyloidosis (an abnormal accumulation of the amyloid protein), diabetes, hyperthyroidism, lysosomal storage diseases and the muscular dystrophies.

[edit] Intrinsic cardiomyopathies

[edit] Signs and symptoms

Cardiomyopathy is usually found incidentally—"case finding"—by healthcare professionals during a routine checkup. The only test for hypertension is a blood pressure measurement. Hypertension in isolation usually produces no symptoms although some people report headaches, fatigue, wanting to sleep more than usual, dizziness, blurred vision, facial flushing or tinnitus.^{[citation needed]}

Malignant Cardiomyopathy (or accelerated Cardiomyopathy) is distinct as a late phase in the condition, and may present with headaches, blurred vision and end-organ damage.

Cardiomyopathy is often confused with mental tension, stress and anxiety. While chronic anxiety and/or irritability is associated with poor outcomes in people with hypertension, it alone does not cause it. Accelerated hypertension is associated with somnolence, confusion, visual disturbances, and nausea and vomiting (hypertensive encephalopathy).

[edit] Treatment

Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy, but may include medication, implanted pacemakers, defibrillators, or ventricular assist devices (LVADs), or ablation. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a heart transplant. Treatment of cardiomyopathy (and other heart diseases) using alternative methods such as stem cell therapy is commercially available but is not supported by convincing evidence.

[edit] Famous cases

In 1966, the addition of cobalt compounds to stabilize beer foam in Canada led to cardiomyopathy, which came to be known as beer drinker's cardiomyopathy.^[6]

Dave Williams of Drowning Pool died of cardiomyopathy in 2002.

Dr. Robert Atkins, inventor of "The Atkins Diet" suffered from cardiomyopathy in the years before his death from a fall.

Alexei Cherepanov, 19 year old professional ice hockey player, died of cardiomyopathy during an ice hockey game in 2008.

Andy Hallett, a 33 year old actor from the television series Angel, died of congestive heart failure in 2009, brought on by a cardiomyopathy from a tooth infection five years earlier.

Michael James Hegstrand aka Road Warrior Hawk an American professional wrestler.

Slash, guitarist for Guns N Roses, survived cardiomyopathy .

Reggie Lewis, captain and all-star of the Boston Celtics, died from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at age 27.

Marc-Vivien Foe, Cameroonian international & West Ham United professional football (soccer) player, collapsed and died of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) aged 28 during a FIFA Confederations Cup Match on 26 June 2003.

Cuttino Mobley, a retired NBA player who last played for the LA Clippers, was forced to retire after being diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in late 2008.

Hank Gathers, a college basketball star recruit who played for Loyola Marymount University, collapsed during a free throw attempt against UCSB and later again against the University of Portland. The second time he never got up and was pronounced dead on arrival.

Nick Carter of the Backstreet Boys was diagnosed with cardiomyopathy after suffering chest pains.

Katie Gallagher, who placed second on the TV reality show Survivor: Palau, was diagnosed with viral cardiomyopathy several years later.

Genetic causes of cardiomyopathy^[7]
Phenotype	Inheritance pattern	Chromosomal locus	Gene	Protein	Skeletal myopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy	X-linked	Xp21	dystrophin	Dystrophin	Duchenne / Becker muscular dystrophy
	X-linked	Xq28	G4.5	Tafazzin	Barth syndrome
	Autosomal dominant	15q14	actin	Actin	Nemaline myopathy
		2q35	desmin	Desmin	Desmin myopathy
		5q33	δ-sarcoglycan	δ-sarcoglycan	Limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2F
		1q32	Troponin T	Troponin T
		14q11	β-myosin heavy chain	β-myosin heavy chain
		15q2	α-tropomyosin	α-tropomyosin	Nemaline myopathy
		Midna	Mitochondrial respiratory chain	Mitochondrial respiratory chain	Mitochondrial myopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction disease	Autosomal dominant	1q21	lamin A/C	Lamin A/C	Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Autosomal dominant	14q11	β-myosin heavy chain	β-myosin heavy chain
		14q11	β-myosin heavy chain	β-myosin heavey chain
		1q32	Troponin T	Troponin T
		12q23	Troponin T	Troponin T
		15q2	α-tropomyosin	α-tropomyosin	Nemaline myopathy
		11q11	myosin-binding protein C	myosin-binding protein C
		3p21	myosin essential light chain	myosin essential light chain
		3p21	myosin regulatory light chain	myosin regulatory light chain
		2p31	titin	Titin
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome		7q3	AMPK	AMPK
		MIDINA	Mitochondrial respiratory chain	Mitochondrial respiratory chain	Mitochondrial myopathy
Left ventricular noncompaction	X-linked	Xq28	G4.5	Tafazzin	Barth syndrome
	Autosomal dominant	18q12	α-dystrobrevin	α-Dystrobrevin	Muscular dystrophy

[edit] References

^ Kasper, Denis L. et al. (2005). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edn. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-139140-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Richardson, P. et al. (1996). "Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies". Circulation 93 (5): 841–2. PMID 8598070. (Full text)
^ Elliott, P.; Andersson, B.; Arbustini, E.; Bilinska, Z.; Cecchi, F.; Charron, P.; Dubourg, O.; Kuhl, U. et al. (2007). "Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the european society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases". European Heart Journal 29: 270. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342. edit
^ Maron, B. J.; Towbin, J. A.; Thiene, G.; Antzelevitch, C.; Corrado, D.; Arnett, D.; Moss, A. J.; Seidman, C. E. et al. (2006). "Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention". Circulation 113: 1807. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. edit
^ Cardiomyopathy Association. "About cardiomyopathy". http://www.cardiomyopathy.org/html/about_cardio.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
^ Donald G. Barceloux; Donald Barceloux (1999). "Cobalt". Clinical Toxicology 37 (2): 201–216. doi:10.1081/CLT-100102420.
^ Towbin, JA; Bowles NE (January 2002). "The failing heart". Nature 415 (6868): 227–233. PMID 11805847.

[edit] External links

[1] The Children's Cardiomyopathy Foundation is a non-profit that provides support to parents of affected children and accelerates research related to diagnosis, treatments and cures for all types of cardiomyopathies in children.
The Cardiomyopathy Association A site is designed to provide you with information on the main forms of the heart muscle disease known as cardiomyopathy. Great information for adults and young.
Cardiomyopathy information from Seattle Children's Hospital Heart Center
Information from the Stanford Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center
Cardiomyopathy-related antibodies
Treatment Cardiomyopathy (Alternative Medicine)
Cardiac Risk in the Young
[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cardiomyopathy.html Information on Cardiomyopathy from MedlinePlus.

[ref1-0] Kasper, Denis L. et al. (2005). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edn. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-139140-1.

[ref2-1] Richardson, P. et al. (1996). "Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies". Circulation 93 (5): 841–2. PMID 8598070. (Full text)

[2] Elliott, P.; Andersson, B.; Arbustini, E.; Bilinska, Z.; Cecchi, F.; Charron, P.; Dubourg, O.; Kuhl, U. et al. (2007). "Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the european society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases". European Heart Journal 29: 270. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342. edit

[3] Maron, B. J.; Towbin, J. A.; Thiene, G.; Antzelevitch, C.; Corrado, D.; Arnett, D.; Moss, A. J.; Seidman, C. E. et al. (2006). "Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention". Circulation 113: 1807. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. edit

[ref3-4] Cardiomyopathy Association. "About cardiomyopathy". http://www.cardiomyopathy.org/html/about_cardio.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-28.

[5] Donald G. Barceloux; Donald Barceloux (1999). "Cobalt". Clinical Toxicology 37 (2): 201–216. doi:10.1081/CLT-100102420.

[6] Towbin, JA; Bowles NE (January 2002). "The failing heart". Nature 415 (6868): 227–233. PMID 11805847.

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