Campylobacter Information & Campylobacter Links at HealthHaven.com

Campylobacter
	Campylobacter bacteria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria;
Phylum:	Proteobacteria;
Class:	Epsilon Proteobacteria;
Order:	Campylobacterales;
Family:	Campylobacteraceae;
Genus:	Campylobacter; Sebald and Véron 1963
Species
	C. coli; C. concisus; C. curvus; C. fetus; C. gracilis; C. helveticus; C. hominis; C. hyointestinalis; C. insulaenigrae; C. jejuni; C. lanienae; C. lari; C. mucosalis; C. rectus; C. showae; C. sputorum; C. upsaliensis

The genus Campylobacter, (meaning 'twisted bacteria') first discovered in 1963^[1], describes Gram-negative, spiral, microaerophilic bacteria. Motile, with either uni- or bi-polar flagella, the organisms have a characteristic spiral/corkscrew appearance (see photo) and are oxidase-positive.^[2]Campylobacter jejuni is now recognized as one of the main causes of bacterial foodborne disease in many developed countries.^[3] At least a dozen species of Campylobacter have been implicated in human disease, with C. jejuni and C. coli the most common.^[2] C. fetus is a cause of spontaneous abortions in cattle and sheep, as well as an opportunistic pathogen in humans.^[4]

[edit] Genome

The genomes of several Campylobacter spec have been sequenced, providing insights into their mechanisms of pathogenesis.^[5] The first Campylobacter genome to be sequenced was C. jejuni, in 2000.^[6]

Campylobacter species contain two flagellin genes in tandem for motility, flaA and flaB. These genes undergo intergenic recombination, further contributing to their virulence. ^[7] Non-motile mutants do not colonize.

[edit] Pathogenesis

Main article: Campylobacteriosis

Campylobacteriosis is an infection by campylobacter.^[8] The common routes of transmission are fecal-oral, person-to-person sexual contact, ingestion of contaminated food or water, and the eating of raw meat. It produces an inflammatory, sometimes bloody, diarrhea, periodontitis^[9] or dysentery syndrome, mostly including cramps, fever and pain. The infection is usually self-limiting and in most cases, symptomatic treatment by reposition of liquid and electrolyte replacement is enough in human infections. The use of antibiotics, on the other hand, is controversial.

[edit] Cause

The sites of tissue injury include the jejunum, the ileum, and the colon. Most strains of C jejuni produce a toxin (cytolethal distending toxin) that hinders the cells from dividing and activating the immune system. This helps the bacteria to evade the immune system and survive for a limited time in the cells. It was thought that a cholera-like enterotoxin was also made, but this appears not to be the case. The organism produces diffuse, bloody, edematous, and exudative enteritis. In a small number of cases, the infection may be associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura through a poorly understood mechanism.

[edit] References

^ Nachmankin I; Szymanski CM; Blaser J (editors) (2008). Campylobacter (3rd ed.). ASM Press. pp. 3–25. ISBN 9781555814373.
^ ^a ^b Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 378–80. ISBN 0838585299.
^ Moore JE, et al. (2005). "Campylobacter". Vet Res 36 (3): 351–82. doi:10.1051/vetres:2005012. PMID 15845230.
^ Sauerwein R, Bisseling J, Horrevorts A (1993). "Septic abortion associated with Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infection: case report and review of the literature". Infection 21 (5): 331–3. doi:10.1007/BF01712458. PMID 8300253.
^ Fouts DE et al. (2005). "Major structural differences and novel potential virulence mechanisms from the genomes of multiple Campylobacter species". PLoS Biol 3 (1): e15. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015. PMID 15660156.
^ Parkhill et al. (2000). "The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences.". Nature 403: 665–668. doi:10.1038/35001088. PMID 10688204.
^ Grant C, Konkel M, Cieplak W, Tompkins L (1993). "Role of flagella in adherence, internalization, and translocation of Campylobacter jejuni in nonpolarized and polarized epithelial cell cultures". Infect Immun 61 (5): 1764–71. PMID 8478066.
^ cdc.gov
^ Humphrey, Tom et al. (2007). "Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: A food production perspective <internet>". International Journal of Food Microbiology 117 (3): 237. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.006. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7K-4N0PPRG-1&_user=10&_coverDate=07%2F15%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=74b7c07635a1873ca815b3139b56d2e0.

[edit] See also

Periodontal disease

[edit] External links

Campylobacter info from the CDC

[campylobacterIII1-0] Nachmankin I; Szymanski CM; Blaser J (editors) (2008). Campylobacter (3rd ed.). ASM Press. pp. 3–25. ISBN 9781555814373.

[Sherris-1] Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 378–80. ISBN 0838585299.

[Moore_2005-2] Moore JE, et al. (2005). "Campylobacter". Vet Res 36 (3): 351–82. doi:10.1051/vetres:2005012. PMID 15845230.

[Sauerwein_1993-3] Sauerwein R, Bisseling J, Horrevorts A (1993). "Septic abortion associated with Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infection: case report and review of the literature". Infection 21 (5): 331–3. doi:10.1007/BF01712458. PMID 8300253.

[Fouts_2005-4] Fouts DE et al. (2005). "Major structural differences and novel potential virulence mechanisms from the genomes of multiple Campylobacter species". PLoS Biol 3 (1): e15. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015. PMID 15660156.

[5] Parkhill et al. (2000). "The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences.". Nature 403: 665–668. doi:10.1038/35001088. PMID 10688204.

[Gran_1993t-6] Grant C, Konkel M, Cieplak W, Tompkins L (1993). "Role of flagella in adherence, internalization, and translocation of Campylobacter jejuni in nonpolarized and polarized epithelial cell cultures". Infect Immun 61 (5): 1764–71. PMID 8478066.

[7] .gov

[cazp-8] Humphrey, Tom et al. (2007). "Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: A food production perspective <internet>". International Journal of Food Microbiology 117 (3): 237. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.006. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7K-4N0PPRG-1&_user=10&_coverDate=07%2F15%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=74b7c07635a1873ca815b3139b56d2e0.

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