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부여(夫餘) Buyeo kingdom ← 2nd century BC–494 AD →   →   → Capital Unknown Language(s) Buyeo Religion Korean shamanism Government Monarchy King Haemosu?  - ? - 494 Jan Historical era Ancient  - Established 2nd century BC  - Disestablished 494 AD

Buyeo or Puyŏ (Korean pronunciation: [pujʌ]), Fuyu in Chinese, was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd century BC to 494. Its remnants were absorbed by the neighboring and brotherhood kingdom of Goguryeo in 494. Both Goguryeo and Baekje, two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, considered themselves its successor nation.

Although records are sparse and contradictory, it is speculated that in 86 BCE, Dongbuyeo (East Buyeo) branched out, after which the original Buyeo is sometimes referred to as Bukbuyeo (North Buyeo). Jolbon Buyeo was a continuation of Bukbuyeo under a changed state name. In 538, long after the fall of Buyeo, Baekje renamed itself Nambuyeo (South Buyeo).

"Buyeo" may also refer to a Baekje surname or Buyeo County in South Korea.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Dongbuyeo 1.3 Jolbon Buyeo 1.4 Under attack 1.5 Fall 2 Culture 2.1 Language 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 External links

[edit] History

Buyeo
Korean name
Hangul 부여 Hanja 夫餘 Revised Romanization Buyeo McCune-Reischauer Puyŏ
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 扶餘 Simplified Chinese 扶余 Hanyu Pinyin Fūyú Wade-Giles Fuyu

History of Korea
Prehistory  Jeulmun period  Mumun period Gojoseon 2333–108 BC  Jin state Proto-Three Kingdoms: 108–57 BC  Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye  Samhan: Ma, Byeon, Jin Three Kingdoms: 57 BC – 668 AD  Goguryeo 37 BC – 668 AD  Baekje 18 BC – 660 AD  Silla 57 BC – 935 AD  Gaya 42–562 North-South States: 698–935  Unified Silla 668–935  Balhae 698–926  Later Three Kingdoms 892–935   Later Goguryeo, Later Baekje, Silla Goryeo Dynasty 918–1392 Joseon Dynasty 1392–1897 Korean Empire 1897–1910 Japanese rule 1910–1945  Provisional Gov't 1919–1948 Division of Korea 1945–1948 North, South Korea 1948–present  Korean War 1950–1953
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[edit] Origins

The founder of Buyeo kingdom was probably Dongmyeong, having no relations with Jumong who founded Goguryeo. After its foundation, Hae Mosu (解慕漱：the son of heaven) brought the royal court to his new palace, and they proclaimed him King. Hae Mosu called his new kingdom "Buyeo" to show that he was the true successor to the Kings of Buyeo.

Jumong is described as the son of Hae Mosu and Yuhwa (柳花), who was a daughter of the Habaek (河伯).

[edit] Dongbuyeo

According to the Samguk Sagi and other accounts, the kingdom of Dongbuyeo (86 BCE - 22 CE) branched out to the east of Bukbuyeo, near the land of Okjeo. Bukbuyeo's King died, and his brother Hae Buru succeeded him and became the king of Bukbuyeo.

Hae Buru found a golden frog-like child under a large rock. Hae Buru named the child Geumwa, meaning golden frog, and later made him crown prince.

Geumwa became king after Hae Buru's death. Geumwa met Yuhwa, the daughter of Habaek, and brought her back to his palace. She was said to have been impregnated by sunlight and to have laid a golden egg. Geumwa made many attempts to destroy the egg, but failed, and returned the egg to Yuhwa. From the egg hatched Jumong, who later founded the kingdom of Goguryeo. Jumong later fled to Jolbon Buyeo after numerous assassination attempts by the seven sons of King Geumwa.

Geumwa's eldest son Daeso became the next king. Daeso attacked Goguryeo during the reign of its second King Yuri. Goguryeo's third king Daemusin attacked Dongbuyeo and killed Daeso. After internal strife, Dongbuyeo fell, and its territory was absorbed into Goguryeo.

Contrarily, Gwanggaeto stele mentioned Dongbuyeo as a vassal state of Goguryeo, even long after its destruction. Since the chronology is inconsistent with the Samguk Sagi, the Dongbuyeo mentioned in the stele is widely speculated by historians to have been a revival movement of Dongbuyeo, formed around 285.

[edit] Jolbon Buyeo

Many historical records name a “Jolbon Buyeo” (卒本夫餘, 졸본부여), apparently referring to the incipient Goguryeo or its capital city.

In 37 BCE, Jumong became the first king of Goguryeo. Jumong went on to conquer Okjeo, Dongye, and Haengin, regaining some of Gojoseon's former territory.

[edit] Under attack

At the end of Eastern Han, Gongsun Du, a Chinese warlord in Liaodong, supported Buyeo to counter Xianbei in the north and Goguryeo in the east. After destroying the Gongsun family, the Kingdom of Wei sent Wuqiu Jian to attack Goguryeo. A squad of the third expeditionary force led by the Governor of the Xuantu commandery was welcomed by Buyeo. It brought detailed information of the kingdom to China.^{[citation needed]}

After that, Buyeo was torn between big powers, and ravaged during the waves of movement of northern nomadic peoples into China.^{[citation needed]} In 285 the Murong tribe of the Xianbei, led by Murong Hui, invaded Buyeo, pushing King Uiryeo (依慮) to suicide, and forcing the relocation of the court to Okjeo. Considering its friendly relationship with Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu helped King Uira (依羅) revive Buyeo.^{[citation needed]}

Goguryeo's attack sometime before 347 caused further decline. Having lost its stronghold near Harbin, Buyeo moved southwestward to Nong'an. Around 347, Buyeo was attacked by Murong Huang of the Former Yan, and King Hyeon (玄) was captured.

[edit] Fall

A remnant of Buyeo seems to have lingered around Harbin under the influence of Goguryeo. Buyeo paid tribute once to Northern Wei in 457, but otherwise seems to have been controlled by Goguryeo. Goguryeo and Buyeo were under attack by the rising Wuji (Mohe, 勿吉, 물길) in 494 and the Buyeo court moved into Goguryeo.

[edit] Culture

The Buyeo were agricultural people who occupied the vastest plain in Manchuria. Their manners and customs were mostly recorded in Sanguo Zhi (Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms). They already maintained a complex social structure and named official titled after animals.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Language

The Buyeo (Puyŏ, Fuyu) languages are a hypothetical language family that would relate the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Baekje with the Japonic languages, and possibly place them together as a family under the hypothetical Altaic family. However, the hypothetical is unverified and thought unproven.

The Buyeo language itself is unknown except for a small number of words, but thought to have been similar to languages of Gojoseon, Goguryeo and East Okjeo.

[edit] Legacy

In the 1930s, Chinese historian Jin Yufu developed a linear model of descent for the people of Manchuria and northern Korea, from the kingdoms of Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Baekje, to the present Korean nationality. Later historians of Northeast China built upon this influential model. [1]

Goguryeo and Baekje, two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, considered themselves successors of Buyeo. King Onjo, the founder of Baekje, is said to have been a son of King Dongmyeongseong, founder of Goguryeo. Baekje officially changed its name to Nambuyeo (남부여, 南夫餘 "South Buyeo") in 538.

[edit] See also

• Dongbuyeo
• Haemosu
• Hae Buru
• Jumong
• List of Korea-related topics

[edit] External links

• Encyclopedia Britannica
• http://bluecabin.com.ne.kr/handangoki/bukbuyo.htm
• http://blog.naver.com/casahoo/20001617401
• http://hanfuture.com/bbs/zboard.php?id=ga3_2&page=1&sn1=&divpage=1&sn=off&ss=on&sc=on&select_arrange=headnum&desc=asc&no=123
• The origin of the Proto-Bulgarians: Korea's Bu-Yeo Tribe (부여족)