| Brown | | | | — Common connotations — | | soil, autumn, earth, skin, maple leaf, chocolate, coffee, caramel, stone | | — Color coordinates — | | Hex triplet | #964B00 | | RGBB | (r, g, b) | (150, 75, 0) | | HSV | (h, s, v) | (30°, 100%, 59%) | | Source | [Unsourced] | B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
| | | — Some variations of Brown — | | Brown (X11) | | Dark Brown | | Pale Brown | Brown is a color term, denoting a range of composite colors produced by a mixture of orange, red, rose, or yellow with black. The term is from Old English brún, in origin for any dusky or dark shade of color.[1] The Common Germanic adjective *brûnoz, *brûnâ meant both dark colors and a glistening or shining quality, whence burnish. The current meaning develops in Middle English from the 14th century.[2] The adjective is applied to naturally occurring colors, referring to animal fur, human hair, human skin pigmentation (tans), partially charred or carbonized fiber as in toasted bread and other foods, peat, withered leaves, etc.[3] In terms of the visible spectrum, "brown" refers to high wavelength hues, yellow, orange, or red, in combination with low luminance or saturation.[4] Since brown may cover a wide range of the visible spectrum, composite adjectives such as red brown, yellowish brown, dark brown or light brown (amber)  The brown and orange disks of color are objectively identical, in identical gray surrounds, in this image; their perceived color categories depend on what white they are compared to. As a color of low intensity, brown is a tertiary color: a mix of the three subtractive primary colors is brown if the cyan content is low. Brown exists as a color perception only in the presence of a brighter color contrast: yellow, orange, red, or rose objects are still perceived as such if the general illumination level is low, despite reflecting the same amount of red or orange light as a brown object would in normal lighting conditions.[5] Brown in nature Animals - The brown bear is a large bear distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America.
- A large number of mammals and predatory birds have a brown coloration. This sometimes changes seasonally, and sometimes remains the same year-round. This color is likely related to camouflage, since the backdrop of some environments, such as the forest floor, is often brown, and especially in the spring and summertime when animals like the Snowshoe Hare get brown fur.
Brown in human culture Animal Rights  A brown dog in a brown world. Astronomy Business - Pullman Brown[6] is the color of the United Parcel Service (UPS) delivery company with their trademark brown trucks and uniforms. UPS has filed two trademarks on the color brown to prevent other shipping companies (and possibly other companies in general) from using the color if it creates "market confusion." In its advertising, UPS refers to itself as "Brown" ("What can Brown do for you?").
 The brown color scheme of Ubuntu (Linux) City Planning Computing - Ubuntu is well known for its default brown color scheme. The exact shades have changed from release to release, with a general trend towards lighter colors and 'shiny' graphics.
Cooking - Browning removes excess fat from meat by heating, as under a broiler or in a frying pan, until it turns brown.
- Browning describes chemical changes to food, desirable and undesirable. Examples of browning reactions include caramelization and the Maillard reaction (generally desirable) and the process that leads to the undesirable browning of the flesh of cut apples, pears, potatos, and the like.
Ethnography Film - Four shades of brown[8] is the title of a Swedish film from 2004
Food Games - In the billiard game of Snooker the 4-point snooker ball is brown.
Music Parapsychology - It is said that people who have brown auras are often unethical businessmen who are in business purely for the sake of greed, or people who are just generally greedy and avaricious.[9]
Politics - In the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, the German Nazi paramilitary organization the Sturmabteilung (SA) wore brown uniforms and were known as the brownshirts. It was often said of members of the SA that they were like a beefsteak--"brown on the outside, and red on the inside"--because many of them were former Communists. Brown represented the Nazi vote on maps of electoral districts in Germany. A vote for Nazis was "voting brown". The national headquarters of the Nazi party, in Munich, was called the Brown House. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 was called the Brown Revolution.[10] At Adolf Hitler's Obersalzberg home, the Berghof, he slept in a "bed which was usually covered by a brown quilt embroidered with a huge swastika. The swastika appeared on Hitler's brown satin pajamas, embroidered in black against a red background on the pocket."[11]
Surnames  The brown earth during a drought Sports Television - In the TV show Firefly, a browncoat refers to a person who fought against the Anglo-Sino Alliance.
References - ^ first attested in The Metres of Boethius 26. 58, ca. AD 1000: stunede sio brune yd wid odre "One dark wave dashed against the other".
- ^ His hare [was] like to the nute brun, quen it for ripnes fals dun "his hair was like the nut brown, when for ripeness it falls down", Cursor M. 18833, ca. AD 1300, cited after OED.
- ^ "The burned and scorched superficies [of roast meat], the brown we call it." Robert Burton, The anatomy of melancholy(1651), p. 232.
- ^ "Some Experiments on Color", Nature 111, 1871, in John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1899). Scientific Papers. University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=KWMSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84&dq=date:0-1923+light+red+green+yellow-or-orange&as_brr=1#PPA85,M1.
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 191
- ^ "They started out being Pullman brown," said Peter Fredo, U.P.S.'s vice president for advertising and public relations [...] The trucks have been brown since 1916 [...] "it was the epitome of luxury and class at the time.", in "Learning to Love Brown". New York Times. 1998-04-20. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E4D8153DF933A1575BC0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
- ^ "Glossary of Terms for Brownfields" (PDF). HSRC. http://www.hsrc.org/hsrc/html/tosc/sswtosc/glossary.pdf#search='origin%20of%20term%20brownfields'. Retrieved 2006-05-25.
- ^ Fyra nyanser av brunt (2004)
- ^ Swami Panchadasi The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms Des Plaines, Illinois, USA:1912--Yogi Publications Society Page 37
- ^ Toland, John Hitler: The Pictorial Documentary of his Life Garden City, New York:1978 Doubleday & Sons Chapter 5 "The Brown Revolution" Pages 42-60
- ^ Infield, Glenn B. Eva and Adolf New York:1974--Grosset and Dunlap Page 142 (The author compiled this book by interviewing Albert Speer and others who had been in Hitler's inner circle, such as SS men, secretaries, and housekeepers. The author consulted the Musmanno Archives, a record of post-war interviews with 200 people close to Adolf Hitler or Eva Braun.)
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