William Griffith Wilson (November 26, 1895 – January 24, 1971), also known as Bill Wilson or Bill W., was the co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), a fellowship of 100,800 support groups world-wide ^[1] dedicated to helping alcoholics achieve sobriety. According to the AA Twelfth Tradition of anonymity, Wilson was and still is commonly known as "Bill W." or just "Bill." He largely preferred this form of his name over the more formal non-AA version, thus this article will use that form.^[2]

Wilson achieved sobriety on December 11, 1934 and maintained it throughout his remaining 36 years. Despite the success and notoriety afforded him by the accomplishments and growth of AA under his leadership, he continued to suffer from episodes of depression. In 1955 Wilson turned over control of AA to a board of trustees. In the years before his death he changed the makeup of the board, which was initially composed of a non-alcoholic majority, to trustees who were both recovered alcoholics and non-alcoholics, with the majority being recovered alcoholics. In keeping with his interest in spirituality, he experimented with other possible cures for alcoholism. These experiments included LSD,^[3] niacin (vitamin B3) and parapsychology as a means of inducing spiritual change.^[4] Wilson died of emphysema complicated by pneumonia in 1971. His wife, Lois Wilson, was the founder of Al-Anon, a group dedicated to helping the friends and relatives of alcoholics. In 1999 Time Magazine declared Wilson to be in the top 20 of the Time 100: Heroes and Icons who exemplified "courage, selflessness, exuberance, superhuman ability and amazing grace" in the 20th century.^[5]

Contents 1 Early life 2 Marriage, work, and addiction 3 Political beliefs 4 A spiritual program for recovery 5 The final years 6 Temptation and alleged infidelity 7 Alternative cures and spiritualism 8 Legacy 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Sources and further reading

[edit] Early life

Wilson was born on November 26, 1895 in East Dorset, Vermont at his parent's home, now known as the Bill Wilson House. His paternal grandfather, William Willson, had been an alcoholic and had a conversion experience on Mount Aeolus and stayed dry for the remaining years of his life.^[6] Bill's father, Gilman Barrows Wilson, the manager of the local marble quarry, was a heavy drinker and adulterer from a long line of alcoholics.^[7] His mother, Emily Griffith Wilson, was strong-willed, controlling, judgmental, and abusive.^[8] When he was 10 his parents got divorced.^[9][10] His father left on a "business trip" that turned out to be a permanent absence, and his mother announced that she would be leaving the family to study osteopathic medicine. Abandoned by their parents, Bill and his sister were left in the care of their maternal grandparents Fayette Griffith and Ella Griffith. Bill and his sister moved in with their grandparents in the small Griffith House, today the Griffith Library in East Dorset, Vermont. Wilson showed some talent and determination in his teen years, once spending months designing and carving a working boomerang. At school, after initial difficulties, he found success as the captain of his school's football team and as the principal violinist of the school orchestra.^[11] But he experienced a serious depression at the age of seventeen when his first love, Bertha Bamford, died of complications during surgery.^[12]

[edit] Marriage, work, and addiction

Wilson met his future wife, Lois Burnham, who was four years older than he, during the summer of 1913 while sailing on Vermont's Emerald Lake; two years later the couple became engaged. He entered Norwich University but depression and panic attacks forced him to leave during his second semester. The next year he returned but was soon suspended with a group of students involved in a hazing incident.^[13] Because no one would take responsibility, and no one would identify the perpetrators, the entire class was punished.^[14] The June 1916 incursion into the US by Pancho Villa resulted in Wilson's class being mobilized as part of the Vermont Guard and he was reinstated to serve. The following year he was commissioned as an artillery officer. During military training in Massachusetts, the young officers were often invited to dinner by the locals, and Wilson had his first drink, a glass of beer, to little effect.^[15] A few weeks later at another dinner party, Wilson drank some Bronx cocktails, and felt at ease with the guests and liberated from his awkward shyness; "I had found the elixir of life," he wrote.^[16] "Even that first evening I got thoroughly drunk, and within the next time or two I passed out completely. But as everyone drank hard, not too much was made of that."^[4]

Wilson married Lois on January 24, 1918, just before he left to fight in World War I as a 2nd Lieutenant in the Coast Artillery.^[17] After his military service, Wilson returned to live with his wife in New York. He failed to graduate from law school because he was too drunk to pick up his diploma.^[18] Wilson became a stock speculator and had success traveling the country with his wife, evaluating companies for potential investors. (During these trips Lois had a hidden agenda: she hoped the travel would keep Wilson from drinking.^[19]) However, Wilson's constant drinking made business impossible and ruined his reputation.

In 1933 Wilson was committed to the Charles B. Towns Hospital for Drug and Alcohol Addictions in New York City four times under the care of Dr. William D. Silkworth. Silkworth's theory was that alcoholism took the form of a physical allergy (the physical inability to stop drinking once started) and an obsession or craving of the mind and the body (not only to take the first drink but to drink more once he started) ^[20]. Wilson gained hope from Silkworth's assertion that alcoholism was a medical condition rather than a moral failing, but even that knowledge could not help him. He was eventually told that he would either die from his alcoholism or have to be locked up permanently due to Wernicke encephalopathy (commonly referred to as "wet brain").

[edit] Political beliefs

Wilson was a lifelong political conservative, having opposed Franklin D. Roosevelt as well as The New Deal. Though he benefited from Roosevelt's mortgage moratorium, he wrote to Roosevelt denouncing The New Deal. Wilson and his wife were living in her father's house at the time and the moratorium prevented mortgage foreclosures; they satisfied the mortgage company with a small monthly fee.^[21] However Wilson kept a neutral position on politics in his leadership of A.A., writing in A.A. literature that politics should be left outside of A.A. groups in order to make them available regardless of political or religious creed.

[edit] A spiritual program for recovery

In November 1934, Wilson was visited by old drinking companion Ebby Thacher. Wilson was astounded to find that Thacher had been sober for several weeks under the guidance of the evangelical Christian Oxford Group.^[22] Wilson took some interest in the Group, but shortly after Thacher's visit, he was again admitted to Towns Hospital to recover from a bout of drinking. This was his fourth and last stay at Towns hospital under Doctor Silkworth's care. It was while undergoing treatment with the The Belladonna Cure that Wilson experienced his "Hot Flash" spiritual conversion and quit drinking.^[23] According to Wilson, while lying in bed depressed and despairing, he cried out, "I'll do anything! Anything at all! If there be a God, let Him show Himself!"^[24] He then had the sensation of a bright light, a feeling of ecstasy, and a new serenity. He never drank again for the remainder of his life. Wilson described his experience to Dr. Silkworth, who told him, "Something has happened to you I don't understand. But you had better hang on to it".

Wilson joined the Oxford Group and tried to help other alcoholics, but only succeeded in keeping sober himself. During a failed business trip to Akron, Ohio, Wilson was tempted to drink again and decided that to remain sober he needed to help another alcoholic. He called phone numbers on a church directory and eventually secured an introduction to Dr. Bob Smith, an alcoholic Oxford Group member. Wilson explained Doctor Silkworth's theory that alcoholics suffer from a physical allergy and a mental obsession. Wilson shared that the only way he was able to stay sober was through having a spiritual experience. Dr. Bob was familiar with the tenets of the Oxford Group and upon hearing Wilson's experience, "began to pursue the spiritual remedy for his malady with a willingness that he had never before been able to muster. After a brief relapse, he sobered, never to drink again up to the moment of his death in 1950".^[25] Wilson and Dr. Bob began working with other alcoholics. After that summer in Akron, Wilson returned to New York where he began having success helping alcoholics in what they called, "a nameless squad of drunks" in an Oxford Group there.

In 1938, after about 100 alcoholics in Akron and New York had become sober, the fellowship decided to promote their program of recovery through the publication of a book, for which Wilson was chosen as primary author. The book was given the title Alcoholics Anonymous and included the list of suggested activities for spiritual growth known as the Twelve Steps. The movement itself took on the name of the book. Later Wilson also wrote the Twelve Traditions, a set of spiritual guidelines to insure the survival of individual AA groups. The AA general service conference of 1955 was a landmark event for Wilson in which he turned over the leadership of the maturing organization to an elected board.

[edit] The final years

During the last years of his life, Wilson rarely attended AA meetings on the grounds that he would always be asked to speak as the co-founder rather than as an alcoholic.^[26] A heavy smoker, Wilson eventually suffered from emphysema and later pneumonia. He continued to smoke while dependent on an oxygen tank in the late 1960s.^[27] He drank no alcohol for the last 36 years of his life. During the last days of his life, Wilson was visited by colleagues and friends who wanted to say goodbye. Wilson died of emphysema and pneumonia on January 24, 1971 en route to treatment in Miami, Florida; he is buried in East Dorset, Vermont^[28]

[edit] Temptation and alleged infidelity

Wilson alluded to unfulfilled temptation in an account in the Alcoholics Anonymous "Big Book." "There had been no real infidelity," he wrote, "for loyalty to my wife, helped at times by extreme drunkenness, kept me out of those scrapes."^[29] Although biographers Francis Hartigan, Matthew Raphael, and Susan Cheever convey a common belief that some AA insiders suspect Wilson had sexual contacts outside of his marriage, no evidence substantiating infidelity has ever come to light.

In the mid 1950s Wilson began vitamin B3 or niacin business venture with Helen Wynn, a woman 12 years ^[30] his junior. This is seen by some historians as an indication that he might have had an extramarital affair with that woman. Wilson believed strongly that alcoholics and depressives could be helped with vitamins and he became very passionate about this research.^[31] She did receive a lifetime interest in 10 percent of his book royalties. (The other 90 percent went to his wife Lois). In 1968, with Wilson's illness making it harder for them to work together, Helen bought a house in Ireland. However there is no factual indication that there was an actual affair aside from their shared enthusiasm for vitamin B3. Countless love letters between Wilson and his wife Lois spanning a period of more than 60 years can be found in the Stepping Stones (home) archives and GSR archives in New York. There's not a single document or indication about any other love affair involving Wilson.^[32]

[edit] Alternative cures and spiritualism

In the 1950s Wilson experimented with LSD in medically supervised experiments with Betty Eisner, Gerald Heard , and Aldous Huxley. With Wilson's invitation, his wife Lois, his spiritual adviser Father Ed Dowling, and Nell Wing also participated in experimentation of this drug. Later Wilson wrote to Carl Jung, praising the results and recommending it as validation of Jung's spiritual experience. (The letter was not in fact sent as Jung had died.)^[33]

At a parapsychology meeting in the 1960s, Wilson met Abram Hoffer and learned about the potential mood-stabilizing effects of niacin. Wilson was impressed with experiments indicating that alcoholics who were given niacin had a better sobriety rate, and he began to see niacin "as completing the third leg in the stool, the physical to complement the spiritual and emotional." Wilson also believed that niacin had given him relief from depression, and he promoted the vitamin within the AA community and with the National Institute of Mental Health as a treatment for schizophrenia. However, Wilson created a major furor in AA because he used the AA office and letterhead in his promotion.^[34]

For Wilson, spiritualism was a life-long interest. One of his letters to adviser Father Dowling suggests that while Wilson was working on his book Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions he felt that spirits were helping him, in particular a 15th century monk named Boniface.^[35] Despite his conviction that he had evidence for the reality of the spirit world, Wilson chose not to share this with AA. However his practices still created controversy within the AA membership. Wilson and his wife continued with their unusual practices in spite of the misgivings of many AA members. In their house they had a "spook room" where they would invite guests to participate in seances using a Ouija board.^[36][37]

[edit] Legacy

Alcoholics Anonymous, the organization that Wilson co-founded with Dr. Bob Smith, continues world-wide with over a hundred thousand registered local groups and millions of active members.^{[citation needed]}

Wilson bought a house that he and Lois called Stepping Stones on an 8-acre (3.2 hectare) estate in Bedford Hills, New York in 1941, and he lived there with Lois until he died in 1971. After Lois died in 1988, the house was opened for tours and is now on the National Register of Historic Places.^[38]

Wilson has often been described as having loved being the center of attention, but after the AA principle of anonymity had become established he refused an honorary degree from Yale University and refused to allow his picture, even from the back, on the cover of Time. Wilson's persistence, his ability to take and use good ideas, and his entrepreneurial flair^[39] are revealed in his pioneering escape from an alcoholic 'death sentence', his central role in the development of a program of spiritual growth, and his leadership in creating and building AA, "an independent, entrepreneurial, maddeningly democratic, non-profit organization."^[40]

Wilson is perhaps best known as a synthesist of ideas,^[41] the man who pulled together various threads of psychology, theology, and democracy into a workable and life-saving system. Aldous Huxley called him "the greatest social architect of our century,"^[42] and Time magazine named Wilson to their Time 100 List of The Most Important People of the 20th Century.^[43] Wilson's self description was a man who "because of his bitter experience, discovered, slowly and through a conversion experience, a system of behavior and a series of actions that works for alcoholics who want to stop drinking."

Biographer Susan Cheever wrote in My Name Is Bill, "Bill Wilson never held himself up as a model: he only hoped to help other people by sharing his own experience, strength and hope. He insisted again and again that he was just an ordinary man".

[edit] See also

• History of Alcoholics Anonymous
• Twelve-step program
• Addiction
• Rowland Hazard III ("Rowland H")
• Lucille Kahn
• Bill W. and Dr. Bob (theatrical play)
• My Name is Bill W. 1989 CBS movie with James Woods and James Garner

[edit] Notes

[edit] Sources and further reading

• The A.A. Service Manual combined with Twelve Concepts for World Service (2004-2005 Edition ed.). New York: Alcoholics Anonymous. 2004. http://www.aa.org/default/en_services_aa.cfm?pageid=46. 
• Susan Cheever. My Name is Bill, Bill Wilson: His Life and the Creation of Alcoholics Anonymous. New York: Simon & Schuster/ Washington Square Press. ISBN 978-0-7434-0591-1 (paperback). 
• Alcoholics Anonymous. The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism (4th ed. new and rev. 2001 ed.). New York: Alcoholics Anonymous. ISBN 1-893007-16-2, Dewey 362.29 A347 2001. http://www.aa.org/bigbookonline/.  ('Big Book')
• Alcoholics Anonymous Comes Of Age. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous. ISBN 0-916856-02-X, LC HV5278.A78A4, Dewey: 178.1 A1c. 
• As Bill Sees It. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous. 1967. ISBN 0-916856-03-8, Dewey 616.861 ASB. 
• Bill W. (2000). My First 40 Years. An Autobiography by the Cofounder of Alcoholics Anonymous. Center City, Minnesota: Hazelden, 55012-0176. ISBN 1-56838-373-8, Dewey B W11w 2000. 
• Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous. 1980. ISBN 0-916856-07-0, LCCN 80-65962, LC HV5278.D62 1980. 
• Hartigan, Francis (2000). Bill W. A Biography of Alcoholics Anonymous Cofounder Bill Wilson. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0-312-20056-0, Dewey B W11h 2000. 
• Kurtz, Ernest (1979). Not-God: A History of Alcoholics Anonymous. Center City, Minnesota: Hazelden. ISBN 0-89486-065-8 or ISBN 0-89486-065-8 (pbk.), LC HV5278, LCCN 79-88264, Dewey 362.2/9286 or 362.29286 K87 1979. 
• Pass It On: The story of Bill Wilson and how the A.A. message reached the world. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous. 1984. ISBN 0-916856-12-7, LC HV5032 .W19P37x 1984, LCCN 84-072766, Dewey 362.29/286/O92. 
• Raphael, Matthew J. (2000). Bill W. and Mr. Wilson: The Legend and Life of A.A.'s Cofounder. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-245-3. 
• Thomsen, Robert (1975). Bill W.. New York: Harper & Rowe. ISBN 0-06-014267-7, Dewey 362.29 W112t. 
• Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous. 1953. ISBN 0-916856-01-1. 
• Faberman, J., & Geller, J. L. (January 2005). "My Name is Bill: Bill Wilson--His life and the Creation of Alcoholics Anonymous". Psychiatric Services 56 (1): 117. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.1.117. 

• Galanter, M. (May 2005). "Review of My Name Is Bill: Bill Wilson--His Life and the Creation of Alcoholics Anonymous". American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (5): 1037–1038. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.1037. 

Persondata
NAME	Wilson, Bill
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	W., Bill (Common referent); Wilson, William Griffith (full name)
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Founder of Alcoholics Anonymous
DATE OF BIRTH	26 November 1895
PLACE OF BIRTH	Dorset, Vermont, United States
DATE OF DEATH	24 January 1971
PLACE OF DEATH	Miami, Florida, United States