Beech
European Beech leaves and cupules
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Fagaceae
Genus:	Fagus L.
Species
Fagus crenata – Japanese Beech Fagus engleriana – Chinese Beech Fagus grandifolia – American Beech Fagus hayatae – Taiwan Beech Fagus japonica – Japanese Blue Beech Fagus longipetiolata – South Chinese Beech Fagus lucida – Shining Beech Fagus mexicana – Mexican Beech or Haya Fagus orientalis – Oriental Beech Fagus sylvatica – European Beech Fagus taurica

Beech (Fagus) is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia and North America.

[edit] Habit

The leaves of beech trees are entire or sparsely toothed, from 5–15 cm long and 4–10 cm broad. The flowers are small single-sex (monoecious), the female flowers borne in pairs, the male flowers wind-pollinated catkins, produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. The bark is smooth and light gray. The fruit is a small, sharply three–angled nut 10–15 mm long, borne singly or in pairs in soft-spined husks 1.5–2.5 cm long, known as cupules. The nuts are edible, though bitter (though not nearly as bitter as acorns) with a high tannin content, and are called beechmast.

Beech grows on a wide range of soil types, acid or basic, provided they are not waterlogged. The tree canopy casts dense shade, and carpets the ground with dense leaf litter, and the ground flora beneath may be sparse.

In North America, they often form Beech-Maple climax forests by partnering with the Sugar Maple

The southern beeches Nothofagus previously thought closely related to beeches, are now treated as members of a separate family, Nothofagaceae. They are found in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Argentina and Chile (principally Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego).

The beech blight aphid (Grylloprociphilus imbricator) is a common pest of beech trees. Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of Lepidoptera (see list of Lepidoptera that feed on beeches).

[edit] Uses

Beech wood is an excellent firewood, easily split and burning for many hours with bright but calm flames. Chips of beech wood are used in the brewing of Budweiser beer as a fining agent. Beech logs are burned to dry the malts used in some German smoked beers, giving the beers their typical flavor. Beech is also used to smoke some cheeses.

Some drums are made from beech, which has a tone generally considered to be between maple and birch, the two most popular drum woods.

Also, beech pulp is used as the basis for manufacturing a textile fibre known as Modal. The wood is also used to make the pigment known as bistre.

The fruit of the beech, also called "Beechnuts" and "mast", are found in the small burrs that drop from tree in autumn. They are small, triangular, and edible, with a bitter, astringent taste.

Beech was a common writing material in Germanic societies before the development of paper. The Old English bōc^[1] and Old Norse bók^[2] have the primary sense of beech, but a secondary sense of book, and it is from bōc that the modern word derives.[1]

[edit] As an ornamental

Beech bark with nodules.

The beech most commonly grown as an ornamental tree is the European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), widely cultivated in North America as well as its native Europe. Many varieties are in cultivation, notably the weeping beech F. sylvatica 'Pendula', several varieties of Copper or purple beech, the fern-leaved beech F. sylvatica 'Asplenifolia', and the tricolour beech F. sylvatica 'roseomarginata'. The strikingly columnar Dawyck beech (F. sylvatica 'Dawyck') occurs in green, gold and purple forms, named after Dawyck Garden in the Scottish Borders, one of the four garden sites of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

The European species, Fagus sylvatica, yields a utility timber that is tough but dimensionally unstable. It weighs around 720 kg per cubic metre and is widely used for furniture framing and carcass construction, flooring and engineering purposes, in plywood and in household items like plates, but rarely as a decorative timber.

[edit] In the British Isles

European Beech with unusual aerial roots in a wet Scottish Glen.

Beech was a late entrant to Great Britain after the last glaciation, and may have been restricted to basic soils in the south of England.^[3] The beech is classified as a native in the south of England and as a non-native in the north where it is often removed from 'native' woods^[4].

Beech is not native to Ireland; however, it was widely planted from the 18th Century, and can become a problem shading out the native woodland understory. The Friends of the Irish Environment say that the best policy is to remove young, naturally regenerating beech while retaining veteran specimens with biodiversity value.^[5]

Climate change is having a negative impact on the beech in the south of England.^[6] This has led to a campaign by Friends of the Rusland Beeches^[7] and South Lakeland Friends of the Earth^[8] launched in 2007 to reclassify the beech as native in Cumbria.^[9] The campaign is backed by Tim Farron MP who tabled a motion on 3 December 2007 regarding the status of beech in Cumbria.^[10]

Today, beech is widely planted for hedging and in deciduous woodlands, and mature, regenerating stands occur throughout mainland Britain below about 650 m.^[11] The tallest and longest hedge in the world (according to the Guinness World Records) is the Meikleour Beech Hedge in Meikleour, Perth and Kinross, Scotland.

[edit] Images of beeches

European Beech leaves	Flowers of Fagus sylvatica	Base of a Beech	Beech forest in Slovakia
Fagus sylvatica near Vivo d'Orcia, Siena, Tuscany, Italy	Beech forest in Slovak Carpathians	Typical partial marcescence on a mature beech.	Beech tree in Old Ship Burying Ground, Hingham, Massachusetts

[edit] References

Margaret G. Thomas and David R. Schumann. 1993. Income Opportunities in Special Forest Products—Self-Help Suggestions for Rural Entrepreneurs. Agriculture Information Bulletin AIB?666, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC

[edit] See also

• English Lowlands beech forests

[edit] External links

• Beech Tree Collection – Photo Gallery of Beech Trees in The Hamptons, NY
• "Thomas/Schumann article"

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fagus

Look up beech in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Flora of China – Fagus
• Flora of North America – Fagus
• Kew Checklist – Fagus
• Beech Hedging