add site
services
publishers
database
health videos
toolbar
stats
live show
health store
more stuff
JOIN/LOGIN
| advertise add site services publishers database health videos
| | about toolbar stats live show health store more stuff JOIN/LOGIN |
This article is about the Herman Melville work. For other uses of the name, see Bartleby. Bartleby, the Scrivener: a Story of Wall Street is a long short story or novelette by the American novelist Herman Melville (1819–1891). It first appeared anonymously in two parts in the November and December 1853 editions of Putnam's Magazine. It was reprinted with minor textual alterations in his The Piazza Tales in 1856.
[edit] InspirationHerman Melville wrote the story as an emotional response to the fact that his masterpiece Moby-Dick was not selling as well as he had expected.[1] The work is said to have been inspired, in part, by Melville's reading of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and some have pointed to specific parallels to Emerson's essay, "The Transcendentalist".[2] [edit] Plot summaryThe narrator, an elderly lawyer who has a very comfortable business helping wealthy men deal with mortgages, title deeds, and bonds, relates the story of the strangest man he has ever known. The narrator already employs two scriveners, Nippers and Turkey. Nippers suffers from chronic indigestion, and Turkey is a drunk, but the office survives because in the mornings Turkey is sober even though Nippers is irritable, and in the afternoons Nippers has calmed down even though Turkey is drunk. Ginger Nut, the office boy, gets his name from the little cakes he brings the older men. Bartleby arrives in answer to an ad for another scrivener, and the narrator hires the forlorn-looking young man in hopes that his calmness will soothe the temperaments of the others. One day, when asked by the narrator to help proofread a copied document, Bartleby answers with what soon becomes his stock response: "I would prefer not to." To the dismay of the narrator and to the irritation of the other employees, Bartleby performs fewer and fewer tasks around the office. The narrator makes several attempts to reason with him and to learn something about him, but Bartleby offers nothing but his signature "I would prefer not to." One weekend the narrator stops by the office unexpectedly and discovers that Bartleby has started living there. The loneliness of Bartleby's life impresses him: At night and on Sundays, Wall Street is as desolate as a ghost town. The narrator's feelings for Bartleby alternate between pity and revulsion. For a while Bartleby remains willing to do his main work of scrivening, but eventually he "prefers not to" do this as well, so that finally he is doing nothing. And yet the narrator finds himself unable to make Bartleby leave; his unwillingness or inability to move against Bartleby mirrors Bartleby's own strange inaction. Tension gradually builds as the narrator's business associates wonder why the strange and idle Bartleby is ever-present in the office. Sensing the threat of a ruined reputation, but emotionally unable to throw Bartleby out, the exasperated narrator finally decides to move out himself, relocating his entire business and leaving Bartleby behind. But soon the new tenants of the old space come to ask for his help: Bartleby still will not leave. Although they have thrown him out of the rooms, he continues to haunt the hallways. The narrator visits Bartleby and attempts to reason with him. Feeling desperate, the narrator now surprises even himself by inviting Bartleby to come and live with him at his own home. But Bartleby, alas, "prefers not to." Deciding to stay away from work for the next few days for fear he will become embroiled in the new tenants' campaign to evict Bartleby, the narrator returns to find that Bartleby has been forcibly removed and imprisoned. The narrator visits him, finding him even glummer than usual. As ever, Bartleby rebuffs the narrator's friendliness. Nevertheless, the narrator bribes a turnkey to make sure Bartleby gets good and plentiful food. But when the narrator visits again a few days later, he discovers Bartleby newly dead. Bartleby, who had "preferred not to" eat, has starved. Some time afterward, the narrator hears of a rumor to the effect that Bartleby had worked in a dead letter office, but had lost his job there. The narrator reflects that the dead letters would have made anyone of Bartleby's temperament sink into an even darker gloom. Dead letters are emblems of our mortality and of the failures of our best intentions. Through Bartleby, the narrator has glimpsed the world as the miserable scrivener must have seen it. The closing words of the story are the narrator's resigned and pained sigh: "Ah, Bartleby! Ah, humanity!" [edit] Analysis of BartlebyThe main character Bartleby can be described as a passive person. He is the only reliable worker in the office other than the narrator and Ginger Nut. Bartleby does not divulge any personal information to the narrator. He simply “prefers not to answer.” Bartleby shows classic symptoms of depression. His lack of motivation is a key sign of depression. The narrator describes Bartleby as a good worker until he started to refuse to do his work. Bartleby’s death is also a sign of depression. He literally had no motivation to survive so he refrained from eating.[3] [edit] Analysis of the NarratorThe narrator is a key character in Bartleby the Scrivener. He is the only character in the book who attempts to understand the thought process of Bartleby. The narrator portrayed as a generous man. He often treats Bartleby as a charity case. He allows Bartleby to continue working despite his disobedience. One reason he procrastinates in firing Bartleby is because he avoids conflict. He is also charitable towards Turkey and Nippers. Both workers are fairly incompetent. Together they make one decent worker but separate are hopeless. The narrator’s mediocre staff shows he is a selfless person. During the story, the narrator attempts to questions Bartleby in order to get a better understanding of his employee. The narrator wants to venture into the unknown that is Bartleby’s consciousness. The narrator tells the story of Bartleby in order to preserve Bartleby’s legacy.[4] [edit] Philosophy in BartlebyVarious philosophical influences can be found in Bartleby the Scrivener. The introduction to Bartleby the Scrivener alludes to Jonathan Edwards “Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will.” Jay Leyda, scholar and author of the introduction passage in “The Complete Stories of Herman Melville” comments on the similarities between Bartleby and “The Philosophical Doctrine of Necessity” by William Priestly. Both Edwards and Priestly wrote about freewill. Edwards states that freewill requires the will to be isolated from the moment of decision. Bartleby’s isolation from the world allows him to be completely free. He has the ability to do whatever he pleases. Both Priestly and Edwards discuss about determinism in their writings. Bartleby can be seen as not being determined due to his freewill.[5] [edit] Religious InfluencesThere are various analogues between Bartleby and lepers of Christian times. Lepers were often exiled from communities due to their illness. Bartleby was fired from his job due to mental state which caused his inability to perform his duties. When a leper would be taken to a leper colony, they were given a few items such as blanket, a pillow, a wooden bowl for bathing and a towel. When the narrator discovers Bartleby’s residence in the office, he locates under Bartleby’s desk the same items the lepers were given. Lepers were also forbidden to enter any markets or places of worship. The narrator is was surprised when he learns Bartleby “never visited any refectory or eating house.”[6] [edit] Bartleby and the AbsurdThe absurd plays a key role in Bartleby the Scrivener. Albert Camus once stated that Melville was his favorite author. Camus declared that Melville had a talent for absurd writing.[citation needed] Bartleby the Scrivener can be described as a commentary on the irreducible irrational in human existence. One example of Bartleby’s absurdity is his deliberate choice to face the blank wall. Instead of facing his desk out in the open, Bartleby chooses to face a blank wall. Bartleby’s catchphrase “I would prefer not to” is also absurd. Bartleby never refuses to do his work. Preferring not implies Bartleby does not see the point of his duties. He views the work as pointless or absurd. The final words written in Bartleby, “Ah Bartleby! Ah Humanity!” is also a comment on the absurdity of humanity. The narrator’s final statement is a lament to Bartleby’s absurd life. Bartleby’s job before working in the law office was in a dead letter office. Dead letters are a symbol for the absurd. Because the letters are deemed undeliverable, the letters are destroyed in order to protect any personal information contained in the letters. An undeliverable letter serves no purpose and therefore, is absurd.[7] [edit] InfluenceThough no great success at the time of publication, Bartleby the Scrivener is now among the most notable of American short stories. It has been considered a precursor of absurdist literature, touching on several of Kafka's themes in such works as A Hunger Artist and The Trial. There is nothing to indicate that the Bohemian writer was at all acquainted with the work of Melville, who remained largely forgotten until some time after Kafka's death. Albert Camus, in a personal letter to Liselotte Dieckmann published in The French Review in 1998, cites Melville as a key influence. The Spanish writer Enrique Vila-Matas wrote an award-winning novel Bartleby & Co. that creates a catalogue of the many "bartlebys" in literature: writers who gave up writing—the Literature of No—writers who sought denial. In the realm of cultural studies, Giorgio Agamben, Michael Hardt, Toni Negri and Slavoj Žižek (in The Parallax View) have posited examples, based on Bartleby, of the ideal revolutionary subject in the struggle against imperialism and capitalism. All three may have followed the lead of Gilles Deleuze's essay Bartleby, ou la formule, published in 1989, translated in his Essays Critical and Clinical. In Abdulrazak Gurnah's 2001 novel By the Sea, Bartleby's catchphrase I prefer not to is alluded to by asylum-seeker Saleh Omar to explain his unwillingness to speak English to British immigration officials. Bartleby the Scrivener was adapted for the stage in March 2007 by Alexander Gelman and the Organic Theater Company of Chicago. [edit] AdaptationsThe story has been adapted for film three times: in 1970, starring Paul Scofield; in France, in 1976, by Maurice Ronet, starring Michel Lonsdale; and in 2001, Bartleby starring Crispin Glover. In 2003, a loosely adapted version of the story, called "Partanen", was filmed for Finnish TV by Juha Koiranen. In 2007, Organic Theater Company of Chicago presented its adaptation of Bartleby at the Ruth Page Theatre. This production was repeated a year later at the LaCosta Theatre. In 2007, Chatterbox Audio Theater of Memphis created a freely available audio version of the story. In 2009, Mary-Arrchie Theatre Company of Chicago presented an adaptation by R.L. Lane at the Angel Island Theater, directed by Richard Cotovsky. In 2009, La pépinière théâtre of Paris presented as public reading by the famous French author Daniel Pennac, directed by François Duval.
[edit] Notes
[edit] External links
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| ↑ top of page ↑ | about thumbshots |
