Artificial cranial deformation or artificial deformation of the skull is any practice of intentionally deforming the skull of a human being. It is done by distorting the normal growth of a child's skull by applying force. It may also be performed as a rite of passage in adulthood or spiritual maturation.

Contents 1 History 2 Methodology 3 Types 4 Reasons 5 References 6 External links

[edit] History

Early examples of intentional human cranial deformation predate written history and date back to 45,000 BC in Neanderthal skulls from the Shanidar Cave in Iraq.^[1] Extreme practices have seemingly not persisted into this century, but mild forms are still practiced by various groups worldwide.^{[citation needed]}

The earliest written record of cranial deformation dates to 400 BC in Hippocrates’ description of the Macrocephales people who were named for their practice of cranial modification (Gerszten and Gerszten, 1995).

Statues and other depictions of Gautama Buddha often appear to show cranial deformation.

Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind^[2] reported in 1896 that deformation of the skull, both by flattening it behind and elongating it towards the vertex, was found in isolated instances in Tahiti, Samoa, Hawaii, and the Paumotu group and occurring most frequently on Mallicollo in the New Hebrides, where the skull was squeezed extraordinarily flat.

[edit] Methodology

Deformation usually begins just after birth for the next couple of years until the desired shape has been reached or the child rejects the apparatus (Dingwall, 1931; Trinkaus, 1982; Anton and Weinstein, 1999).

[edit] Types

There is no established classification system of cranial deformations. Many scientists have developed their own classification systems, but none have agreed on a single classification for all forms that are seen (Hoshower et al., 1995).

In Europe and Asia three main types of artificial cranial deformation have been defined by E.V. Zhirov (1941, p. 82):

• Round
• Fronto-occipital
• Sagittal.

[edit] Reasons

The reasons for performing cranial deformation are varied.

A prominent hypothesis is that deformation was performed to signify group affiliation (Gerszten and Gerszten, 1995; Hoshower et al., 1995; Tubbs, Salter, and Oaks, 2006).

Or, it may have been done to demonstrate elite status. This may have played a key role in Egyptian and Mayan societies. Queen Nefertiti is often depicted with what may be an elongated skull, as is King Tutankhamen (Gerszten and Gerszten, 1995).

[edit] References

• Trinkaus, Erik (Apr 1982). "Artificial Cranial Deformation in the in Shanidar 1 and 5 Neandertals". Current Anthropology 23 (2): 198-199.

[edit] External links

• A short discussion of cranial deformation
• A Comparison of Images of Kushans from Coins and Sculpture
• Mathematical Analysis of Artificial Cranial Deformation