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Arnold Berliner, German Jewish Physicist, (Gut Mittelneuland bei Neisse, 26 December 1862 - Berlin, 22 March 1942, aged 79, committing suicide), graduated in Physics at the University of Breslau, now Wroclaw, in Poland in 1886. He worked in the Research and Development Laboratories of the AEG company, Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft, founded in 1883 by wealthy German Jewish entrepreneur Emil Rathenau, (1838 - 1915).

He was good friend of Prussian Jewish Immunologist Paul Ehrlich, (1854 - 1915), 1908 Nobel Prize for Medicine, and German Jewish Richard Willstätter, researcher on cocaine, alkaloids and plants chlorophyll structures, (Karlsruhe, 1872 - exiled from Gestapo to Switzerland in 1938 - near Locarno, Switzerland, 1942), a 1918 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

Around the middle of 1912 he proposed to the Editors firm Springer Verlag , Berlin, and was accepted, as a Director of the then new Scientific Magazine Naturwissenschaften, first published in January 1913, inspired in the older and prestigious British Science Journal Nature, first published in November 1869.

One of Emil Rathenau sons with Mathilde Nachmann, from a family of bankers settled in Frankfurt, was his friend and collaborator famous Walther Rathenau, (1867 - assassinated June 1922) a Weimar-era industrialist, politician, and progressive economist, Foreign Minister of Germany, assassinated in June 1922 by gangsters of the extreme right-wing.

The 1921-1924 Einstein tower made in brick rendered with concrete, designed by German Jewish Architect Erich Mendelsohn, (Allenstein, East Prussia, till 1945, now Olsztyn, in actual Northeastern Poland, 1887 - 1953), as a homage to German-Swiss Jewish physicist Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize for Physics, 1921

German Jewish electrical engineering entrepreneur Emil Rathenau, (Berlin, 1838 - 1915), founder of the still powerful factory today Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft (or AEG). He married in 1866 German Jewish Mathilde Nachmann, daughter of a Frankfurt banker

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German Jewish Minister of Foreign Affairs since 1 February 1922, Walter Rathenau, (1867 - assassinated 24 June 1922) shared with German Jewish technical physicist Arnold Berliner the main responsibilities for R&D in new electrical manufactures within AEG, one of the partners being Werner von Siemens. Berliner went in 1912 to work for Springer Verlag as the Editor of the new Scientific Magazine Naturwissenschaften, which described in 1938 main German works related to the possibility of nuclear fission to built nuclear engines, weapons. Rather earlier later, pooled Italian, exiled German Jews, French, Canadian, American and British R&D led to the well known destructive feats over Japanese land in 1945 by the U. S. A. Air Forces.

We should remember that German Jews Walther Rathenau and Arnold Berliner had been for some 25 years R&D experimenters at AEG factory, founded by Walther father to exploit some electrical patents from American Inventor Thomas Alva Edison, (1847 - 1931).

Further, achieving nobility status, even for Jews, through business efficiency and the creation of wealth was by no means exclusive to the British Monarchy, as, for instance, II German Empire banker Gerson Bleichröder, (1822 - 1893), was the second German Jew who achieved the Prussian Nobility Status in March 1872 when Otto von Bismarck, (1815 - 1898), was a Chancellor of Prussia.

On March 3, 1924, in Heidelberg Observatory, Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth discovered an asteroid first named as 1924 QM. It was later named and is still known today as 1018 Arnolda.

Arnold Berliner was dismissed from the Journal he had founded 22 years earlier, in 1913, on 13th August 1935, because of the racial policies on "non-Aryans" implemented by the Nazi governments headed by Austrian-Hungarian born Adolf Hitler, one the sons of illegitimate child Alois Hitler, (a.k.a. Alois Schicklgruber, (1837 - 1903), for the first 39 years of his life), who managed to be the winner of the German Elections of November 1932 being the 7th Chancellor under President, since 12 May 1925, Paul Von Hindenburg, (October 1847 - August 1934), by then over 85 years old, since 30 January January 1933.

Such administrative decision was heralded by the British Science magazine: (See Nature 136, 506-506 (28 September 1935)). British editors said squarely then and there:

WE much regret to learn that on August 13 Dr. Arnold Berliner was removed from the editorship of Die Naturwissenschaften, obviously in consequence of non-Aryan policy. This well-known scientific weekly, which in its aims and features has much in common with NATURE, was founded twenty-three years ago by Dr. Berliner, who has been the editor ever since and has devoted his whole activities to the journal, which has a high standard and under his guidance has become the recognised organ for expounding to German scientific readers subjects of interest and importance.

There was no time lost then by the British Secret Services, military Branch, MI6. Posing always as a determined nazi, former prisoner of war, (POW), in England for his fighting under the defeated Austrian Army from 1915 to 1918 during the I World War, Chemistry graduate Paul Rosbaud, (Graz, Austria, 1896–London, United Kingdom, 1963), scientific adviser for Springer Verlag in Germany, code named "Griffin" by British MI6.

He had studied chemistry at Darmstadt Technische Hochschule beginning in 1920, continued his studies at Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut , (Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft till 1946, now Max-Planck-Gesellschaft ?), in Berlin, and took his doctoral thesis at Berlin-Charlottenburg Technische Hochschule. He then started working at the scientific periodical Metallwirtschaft, but quit after Adolf Hitler came to power in January 1933, as the owner was a Nazi. His wife, Hilde, was a non-Aryan Jewish wife, too. Hilde and their only daughter, Angela, were sent to the UK in 1938 to keep them safe from Nazi harassment.

Rosbaud was also invited to stay in the UK, but he decided to keep working in Germany to undermine the Nazi regime. Rosbaud helped also a number of other families flee the Nazis, including that of the well known Jewish nuclear physicist lady Lise Meitner, (1878 - 1968). He was assisted in his work saving Jews by the fact that he was run as a British agent by Roman Catholic British Frank Foley, "The British Schindler".

Other physicists opposed to the new shape of politically organized German Science on the coming of Hitler in 1933, for example destituted spectroscopist Heinrich Matthias Konen, Heinrich Konen, (Köln, 1874 – Bonn, Bad Godesberg, 1948) founder and organizer in 1920 of the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, (abbreviation: NG; translation: Emergency Association of German Science), and he was on the boards of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, the Reich Physical and Technical Institute, and the Reich Chemical and Technical Institute.

When he was forced out of academia in 1933 due to his opposition to National Socialism, he became an adviser in the industrial sector, especially the Troisdorf Works. After World War II, Konen became rector of Bonn University and then headed the Culture Ministry of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Jewish German Patriot Patriot and 1918 Nobel Prize for Chemistry Fritz Haber, (1868 - 1934), and German Jews Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955), 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics and Austrian nuclear physicist lady Lise Meitner, (1878 - 1968), as well as fair and mentally balanced "Aryan" scientists Max Planck, (1858 - 1947), 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics and physicist Max von Laue,(1879 - 1960), 1914 Nobel Prize for Physics, would write, with others, with respect and objective friendliness on Arnold Berliner 70th birth date while still heading Naturwissenschaften in 1933, (See references).

Exactly 4 weeks later of Hitler access to power as a Chancellor under very old von Hindenburg, The Reichstag fire(German: Der Reichstagsbrand), was an arson attack on the Reichstag building in Berlin on 27 February 1933. One could easily think on the burning of Rome under Roman Emperor Nero in the 1st Century AC.

A few days later, Hitler was invested with full powers while Albert Einstein returned from Pasadena, California, U.S.A. The day after the fire, Hitler asked for and received from President Hindenburg the Reichstag Fire Decree, signed into law by Hindenburg using Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag Fire Decree suspended most civil liberties in Germany and was used by the Nazis to ban publications not considered "friendly" to the Nazi cause.

Then, Einstein attacked Hitler with very harsh words from Coq sur Mer, Belgium, while being a guest of Queen Consort Elizabeth of Belgium, (1876 - 1965). Einstein books were publicly burned in Berlin and other towns by German Extreme Right activists, being expelled of the Prussian Academy of Sciences with the absence of Max Planck and the (relative) lone defense of Einstein by Old Prussian historian Otto Hintze, (1861 - 1940), but the draconian prosecutions against Jews and Communists were being already quickly prepared. We refer to the first starter of deprivation of German Republican Liberties, the Enabling Act.

The Enabling Act was a special law which gave the Chancellor, Adolf Hitler, 7th German Chancellor under President von Hindemburg, the power to pass laws by decree without the involvement of the Reichstag, The German Parliament. These special powers would remain in effect for four years, after which time they were eligible to be renewed.

Members of the International Communist Comintern, Dutch Marinus van der Lubbe, (13 January 1909 – executed 10 January 1934), Bulgarians Georgi Dimitrov, (1882 - 1949), Vasil Tanev and Blagoi Popov, (1902 - 1937 to 1954 in a Soviet Gulag - 1968), were pinpointed as part of the culprits.

Legislation against the majority of Jews holding any Government positions in teaching or research came in promptly, too. The Wall Street Crash of 1929, New York, had come much, much, earlier to humiliated, defeated, Germany unable to pay the economic debts derived from the I World War German defeat along with the Austrian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, not to mention the crash down of the Russian Tsars Empire wiped out by the Russian Bolsheviks somewhere around 1919 - 1921.

It was thus that Nuclear Theories Physicist German- American Jewish Hans Bethe, (1906 - 2005) had to leave after 1933, too.

Nuclear physicist Hans Bethe, (1906-2005), Nobel Prize in Physics 1967, Identity Document for access to the Manhattan Project Labs. in Los Alamos, New Mexico, where the first atomic bombs were created, under the direction of American Jewish Robert Oppenheimer, (1904 - 1967), the son of German Jewish textile importer Julius S. Oppenheimer, who had immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1888, and Ella Friedman, a painter. He had one younger brother, Frank, eight years his junior, who also became a physicist.

Carl von Ossietzky, ( 1889 - May, 4th 1938), died controlled by Gestapo officers while seriously ill of tuberculose at the hospital,the recipient of the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize. He was convicted of high treason and espionage in 1931 after publishing details of Germany's alleged violation of the Treaty of Versailles, 28 June 1919, by rebuilding an Air force, the predecessor of the Luftwaffe and training pilots in the Soviet Union since around 1920 - 1921, not being allowed by Hitler to travel to Oslo to collect the prize. The same happened to Russian Jewish writer Boris Pasternak, (1890 - 1960), Nobel Prize for Literature, 1958, although the Nobel medal was finally presented, 30 years later, to Pasternak's son, Yevgeny, at a ceremony in Stockholm during the Nobel week of December 1989, under Glasnost in the Soviet Union, and Burmese woman Aung San Suu Kyi, Nobel Prize for Peace, 1991, between other persons

Geographical Map in Wikipedia explaining full details on the so called Munich Agreement, dated 30 September 1938, signed between Germany, with Austria also, by an anschluss dated 12 March 1938, after the assassination by the nazis of Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934, France, Italy and England clearing the way , or permitting, German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland, areas along borders of Czechoslovakia, mainly inhabited by Czech Germans. It was described sometimes, during the Cold War as the Munich Dictate by Czechs and Slovaks. The phrase Munich betrayal involves the word "zrada", both in Czech and in Slovak meaning no more, no less, than "betrayal" in English, was also used because military alliances between Czechoslovakia and France were not honoured. On 14th March 1939 Slovakia seceded from Czechoslovakia and became a separate pro-Nazi state. Further notices afterwards in such Wikipedia article

Europe was ready or would be ready soon, previous manufacturing the required weapons, to get involved in Nationalist wars ready to sacrifice tens of millions of men, women and children, Aryan or not Aryan though. As it is well known, the first turn were the Poles, then the Finns, September 1939, who had dared to split away, some 20 years earlier, from the Tsarist Russian Empire in 1918 - 1919 after no less the 123 years "national eclypse". Russia will be attacked considerably later, 21 months later than the Poles, in June 1941, with some 18,000 Spanish volunteers, The Blue Division, cooperating with the German nazis. These (Aryan?) Latin warriors were heavily crushed, 10th February 1943, (75% of them killed by shelling and cold), but not yielded, for example, in the Battle of Krasny Bor, 20 km. from Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg again, whereby 5,900 para fascist Spanish infantrymen and additional supporting units from different Wehrmacht and SS-Divisions fought against 44,000 Patriotic Russian infantry men, 100 tanks, 187 Russian batteries with pieces of 203 and 124 mm, 2 battalions of mortars and katyushas of 156 mm.

One of the brilliant top people behind the science organization NG mentioned above , was Ernst von Harnack, (Marburg, 1888 – shot by the nazis on 5 March 1945 at Plötzensee Prison at Charlottenburg ).

British Spy Frank Foley was the MI6 station chief in Berlin. Many of the contacts of the new director of Naturwissenschafte, Rosbaud, were done through the Norwegian Spionage Organization SU, operative since about the middle of 1940 with the German Occupation of Norway, leaded by Sverre Bergh, (1920 - 2006) and among others, the couple Øistein Strømnæs, (1914 - 1980), and Anne-Sofie Østvedt, (1920 - ????).

Norwegian Spy for SU, Sverre Bergh, (1920 - 2006), worked closely associated to British Spy Frank Foley, (1884 - 1958), from the MI6 Services in Berlin while Norway was occupied by the German troops since June 1940. The successor of Arnold Berliner after 1933 as a Director of Naturwissensschaften was Austrian born , former Prisonier of War with the British, Paul Rosbaud, (1896 - ), from a family of well known Music Composers. They were instrumental, through French Physicists advice, getting heavy water from a Norwegian electrolysis plant, being eagerly shought also by the Germans, to be used as a neutron moderator in uranium radioactive materials to be used manufacturing plutonium for the second atomic bomb used in Japan in 1945

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Meantime, 20th January 1942, Reinhard Heydrich, (1904 - assassinated 27 May 1942, aged 38, under Operation Anthropoid plot), former head of the European Interpol, had organized the so called Wannsee Conference at the Wannsee suburb, Berlin, to deal for once and all with the Jewish Ethnic Problem in German occupied Europe. British-American trained Czchecks Jan Kubiš and Jozef Gabčík, 27 May 1942, killed him, being deceased of septicemia through the wounds of 5 June 1942.

Norwegian King Saint Olav Haraldsson, (995 - 1030) introduced Christianity in Norway and is much respected, having his own church in Roman-Viking York, England. This assumed shield of Saint Olav, named the Hirden insignia, was used by "fighting" members of the Norwegian national socialist party, a fascist party, Nasjonal Samling , NS, founded on 13 May 1933 by Vidkun Quisling, (1887 - executed by firing squad with 2 more people, 24 October 1945). Under German fascist leader, Reichskommissar of Norway on April 24, 1940, Josef Antonius Heinrich Terboven, who committed suicide 8 May 1945 , Nazi concentration camps in Norway established under Quisling regime sorted out, deporting people classified as "Jews", to Germany, Austria and Poland better known camps . Other camps were set up in other countries, too, by fascists, in occupied Soviet Russia, Holland, Denmark, France, Italy, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other Central European Countries

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While Austrian physicist Paul Rosbaud died in England aged 67 in 1948, the stay, apparently, of Arnold Berliner in Germany would mean however, in time, a March 1942 order to go to a concentration field when he was past 79 years old and his suicide, 22 March 1942, the day before forced departure, some two months before Heydrich was killed.

As 1906 was the terrible year for European Physics whereby Austrian Ludwig Boltzmann,(February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906, aged 62), German Paul Drude, (July 12, 1863 – July 5, 1906, aged 42), and Austrian Paul Ehrenfest, (January 18, 1880 – September 25, 1933, aged 53) took their own lives, suicide was by no means unknown,too, to cultured, well bred and harassed and downgraded German Jewish Prof. Dr. Arnold Berliner.

Yet, Aryans such as physicist Erwin Planck, (March 1893 – executed 23 January 1945), 4th son from the first marriage of Nobel Prize Max Planck, Admiral and Head of the Spy Organization Abwehr, Admiral Wilhelm Franz Canaris, (January 1, 1887 – executed April 9, 1945) or famous "Africa Campaign" General Erwin Rommel, (15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944) (known as the Desert Fox, Wüstenfuchs in German), would be executed or choose death by poison in the case of Rommel, to serve as Actors in the Wagnerian Opera protagonized by Adolf Hitler.

The same thoughts apply to people, prestigious Generals, such as Prussian aristocrat Henning von Tresckow, (1901 - July 21,1944), Prussian Field Marshal Günther von Kluge, (1882- 24 August 1944), Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg, (1907 - 21 July, 1944), Dresden born General Hans Oster, (1887 - executed April 9, 1945), involved with the July 20 Plot, 1944, and General Wilhelm Burgdorf, (1895 - committed suicide, 2 May 1945 after Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels,(1897 - 1 May 1945)) between others.

Linking thoughts with the XVIII Century German Universities and Germanic Culture foremost forgers , like Goethe, the Humboldt brothers or Schiller we can oversee now some sort of pagan Delusions of grandeur, Schizophrenia, and/or Messianism for all those groups seeking along the Centuries, the collective comfort of getting a personal Savior, some sort of Guru or Wise Man or a Redeemer:

All of those committing suicide, as the extensive amount of supposedly bright people here mentioned, arrived elsewhere, helped by Kharon, the ferryman of Hades who carried souls of the newly deceased across the River Styx that divided the world of the living from the world of the dead, honouring thus, some of them, their notorious Germanic Gymnasium school proxy (albeit remote Greek - Roman teachers), Plato, (428/427 BC[a] – 348/347 BC), and Seneca, Lucius Annaeus Seneca, (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger) (c. 4 BC – AD 65) , tutor and later adviser to emperor Nero, a.k.a. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), the starter of the First Roman-Jewish War described by Jewish historian Flavius Josephus.

Bavarian General Karl Haushofer, promoted to General in 1915, (1869 – committed suicide with his wife, March 10, 1946), was one of the main advisors and strategists behind Austrian former plain soldier Adolf Hitler of the 1914 - 1918 War which crushed Austrian, German and Turkish troops. He was the father of Albrecht Haushofer, (1903 - executed 1945), indicted in the July 20 Plot, 1944, to assassinate Hitler. He was a great lover of Japanese culture killing himself through bushido, disenbowelling himself by harakiri

Austrian Jewish Philosopher Martin Buber, (Vienna, Austria, 1878 - Jerusalem, Israel, 1965, aged 87), honorary professor in 1930, at the University of Frankfurt am Main, had to leave Germany in 1938, getting promoted as a professor of anthropology during the British Mandate in Palestine at the Hebrew University, some 9-10 years before the actual "existence" of the State of Israel, becoming a staunch supporter of a binational solution in Palestine, proclaiming its desire to live in peace and brotherhood with the Arab people and to develop the common homeland into a republic in which both peoples will have the possibility of free development. This view was also heralded by his friend, Prague born 1883, German Jewish Philosopher Hugo Bergmann, deceased Jerusalem, Israel, 18 June 1975, aged 92

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Thomas Mann, (Lübeck, Germany, 1875 - Zürich, Switzerland, 1955, aged 80, Nobel Prize in Literature 1929, married in 1905 Katia Pringsheim, Munich, Germany, 1883–Kilchberg, near Zürich, Switzerland, April 25, 1980, aged 97) was the youngest child and only daughter (among four sons) of the German Jewish mathematician and artist Alfred Pringsheim, her mother, Hedwig, being a well known actress in Berlin before her marriage. Katia, a physics and mathematics student before she went married, was a granddaughter of the writer and women's right activist Hedwig Dohm. The couple went into exile to Zürich because of fear for his wife racial rearrangements at that time in Germany, going later to the U.S.A.. American citizenship was granted in 1944, returning to Switzerland in 1952. His much later, 1975, disclosure of his private papers, fundamental on exploring private thoughts on puberty sexuality, on beauty and decay on becoming an aging adult, inspired Luchino Visconti great film Death in Venice, later an Opera and inspired some books by other authors, albeit his transcultural appreciation can be the subject of discussion in other more traditional/stagnant cultures

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[edit] References

• Arnold Berliner zur Feier seines 70.Geburtstages. M.Portrait. Berlin (1932). 4to. (Die Naturwissenschaften.Bd.20/51, Beitr.v.Albert.Einstein, M.von.Laue, Lise Meitner, Max .Born, James Frank und alter).

• Abraham Pais, (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1918 - Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000). Dutch-American Jewish Nuclear Physicist, "Subtle is the Lord—": The science and the life of Albert Einstein, (Oxford University Press, 1982), ISBN 0-19-520438-7. ISBN 0-19-853907-X. ISBN 0-19-851971-0 Category: Philosophy , ISBN 978-0-19-851971-3 , and its sequel, Einstein Lived Here (Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press, 1994), ISBN 978-0-19-853994-0. "Subtle is the Lord—" received the 1983 National Book Award for Science. It was translated into Spanish: (Barcelona, Ed. Ariel, 1984). German - Swiss - American Jewish Physicist Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955), Nobel Prize in Physics, 1922, was very close, intellectually speaking, to Arnold Berliner.

• A brief Obituary notice was published in Nature vol 150, 284-284 (05 September 1942).

• Fritz Stern, Einstein's German World, Princeton University Press, (1999). ISBN 0-691-05939-X. Spanish translation by Gemma Andujar, Edic. Paidós Ibérica, S.A. ,312 pages. ISBN 84-493-1481-X

Arnold Kramish. The Griffin: The Greatest Untold Espionage Story of World War II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. (1986). ISBN 0-395-36318-7. Arnold Kramish, born 1923, was a physicist working at the Manhattan Project, severely injured in the at the Philadelphia Naval Yard, September 2, 1944, where a prototype thermal diffusion isotope separation device was being constructed. Two more nuclear sciencists, Douglass Meigs and Peter Bragg, died however in the accident. This Naval Yard looks after the decomisioning of Nuclear Vessels which had carried Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, while decommissioned Nuclear Submarines, as a consequence of Russian glasnost after 1990, out of the some 200 manufactured before 2006, are moored and disboweled in Bremerton Shipyard , Washington and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Islands. Reprocessed nuclear fuels are stored at Idaho State or at the famous and problematic dumping place known as Hanford Site, Washington, not too far from Seattle and the Canadian Frontier with the U. S. A.Arnold Kramish was a Nuclear Weapons Research Strategist afterwards, for Rand Corporation.

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_July_20_Plot

• Paul West. The Very Rich Hours of Count von Stauffenberg, New York: Harper & Row, (1980), First Edition. (ISBN 0-06-014593-5). An interesting historical novel, with a most beautiful typical XIV Century - Rennaissance period title, to follow part of the German-Austrian general background of the II World War. Many war memories books are too punctual and lack many times of general background to understand the periods in question as a whole for the first time reader. The von Stauffenberg family has provided significant politicians and nearly two dozens of Germanic Generals for around three centuries.