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In mathematics, a binary relation R on a set X is antisymmetric if, for all a and b in X

if R(a,b) and R(b,a), then a = b,

or, equivalently,

if R(a,b) with a ≠ b, then R(b,a) must not hold.

In mathematical notation, this is:

or equally,

An example of an antisymmetric relation is the subset relation:

Or in words, if every element in A also is in B and all elements in B are in A, then A and B must be equal, i.e. containing all the same elements.

Partial and total orders are antisymmetric by definition. Therefore the usual order relation ≤ on the real numbers, the subset order ⊆ on the subsets of any given set and the divisibility order of the natural numbers are antisymmetric. For example, if for two real numbers x and y both inequalities x ≤ y and y ≤ x hold then x and y must be equal.

A relation can be both symmetric and antisymmetric (e.g., the equality relation), and there are relations which are neither symmetric nor antisymmetric (e.g., the preys-on relation on biological species).

Antisymmetry is different from asymmetry. According to one definition of asymmetric, anything that fails to be symmetric is asymmetric. Another definition of asymmetric makes asymmetry equivalent to antisymmetry plus irreflexivity.

[edit] Examples

The relation "x is even, y is odd" between a pair (x, y) of integers is antisymmetric:

[edit] See also

• Symmetry in mathematics