The word Amen (pronounced /ˌɑːˈmɛn/ or /ˌeɪˈmɛn/; Hebrew: אָמֵן, Modern Amen Tiberian ’Amen ; Arabic: آمين‎, ’Āmīn ; "So be it; truly") is a declaration of affirmation^[1][2] found in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament. Its use in Judaism dates back to its earliest texts.^[3] It has been generally adopted in Christian worship as a concluding word for prayers and hymns.^[2] In Islam, it is the standard ending to Dua (supplication). Common English translations of the word amen include: "Verily", "Truly", "So say we all", "So be it", and "Let it be." It can also be used colloquially to express strong agreement,^[2] as in, for instance, amen to that.^[4]

Contents 1 Pronunciation 2 Etymology 3 Biblical usage 3.1 Old Testament 3.2 In the New Testament 4 Amen in Judaism 5 Amen in Christianity 6 Amen in Islam 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

[edit] Pronunciation

In English, the word "amen" has two primary pronunciations, ah-men (/ɑːˈmɛn/) or ay-men (/eɪˈmɛn/), with minor additional variation in emphasis (the two syllables may be equally stressed instead of placing primary stress on the second). The ah-men pronunciation is usual in British English, the one that is used in performances of classical music, in churches with more formalized rituals and liturgy and liberal Evangelical Protestant denominations. The ay-men pronunciation, a product of the Great Vowel Shift dating to the 15th century, is associated with Irish Protestantism and conservative Evangelical Protestant denominations generally, and the pronunciation that is typically sung in gospel music. Increasingly Anglophone Roman Catholics are adopting^{[citation needed]} the "ay-men" pronunciation for speech, although the broad "ah" is usually retained for singing.

Amen is also used in standard, international French; however, in the Cajun French dialect, Ansi soit-il (literally, so be it), or the Québec French dialect, Ainsi soit-il, is used instead.

[edit] Etymology

Amen, meaning so be it, is of Hebrew origin.^[5][6] The word was imported into the Greek of the early Church from the Jewish synagogue.^[1][7] From Greek, amen entered the other Western languages. According to a standard dictionary etymology, amen passed from Greek into Late Latin, and thence into English.^[8]

The Hebrew word amen derives from the Hebrew verb ’aman’, a primitive root.^[9] Grammarians frequently list ’aman under its three consonants (’mn), which are identical to those of ’amen.^[8] This triliteral root (’mn) means to be firm, confirmed, reliable, faithful, have faith, believe. Two English words that derive from this root are:

a. amen, from Hebrew ’amen (=truly, certainly); b. Mammon, from Aramaic mamona, probably from Mishnaic Hebrew mamôn, probably from earlier *ma’mon (=? “security, deposit”).

Both a and b derive from Hebrew ’aman (=to be firm).^[10]

The Talmud teaches homiletically that the word Amen is an acronym for אל מלך נאמן (’El melekh ne’eman, "God, trustworthy King"),^[11] the phrase recited silently by an individual before reciting the Shma.

Popular among some theosophists and adherents of esoteric Christianity is the conjecture that amen is a derivative of the name of the Egyptian god Amun (which is sometimes also spelled Amen).^[12][13][14] Some adherents of Eastern religions believe that amen shares roots with the Sanskrit word, aum^[15]. There is no academic support for either of these views^[8]

Armenian word ամեն (pronounced /ˌɑːmˈɛn/) means every, however it is used in the same form for ending of prayers^[16].

[edit] Biblical usage

[edit] Old Testament

Three distinct Biblical usages of amen may be noted:^[1]

1. Initial Amen, referring back to words of another speaker and introducing an affirmative sentence, e.g. 1 Kings 1:36.^[1]
2. Detached Amen, again referring to the words of another speaker but without a complementary affirmative sentence, e.g. Nehemiah 5:13.^[1]
3. Final Amen, with no change of speaker, as in the subsciption to the first three divisions of Psalms.^[1]

[edit] In the New Testament

There are 52 Amens in the Synoptic Gospels and 25 in John. The five final Amens (Matthew 6:13, 28:20, Mark 16:20, Luke 24:53 and John 21:25), which are wanting in the best manuscripts, simulate the effect of final amen in the Hebrew Psalms. All initial Amens occur in the sayings of Jesus. These initial Amens are unparalleled in Hebrew literature, according to Friedrich Delitzsch, because they do not refer to the words of a previous speaker but instead introduce a new thought.^[17]

The uses of amen ("verily") in the Gospels form a peculiar class; they are initial, but often lack any backward reference.^[18] Jesus used the word to affirm his own utterances^{[citation needed]}, not those of another person^{[citation needed]}, and this usage was adopted by the church. The use of the initial amen, single or double in form, to introduce solemn statements of Jesus in the Gospels had no parallel in Jewish practice.^[19]

In the King James Bible, the word amen is preserved in a number of contexts. Notable ones include:

• The catechism of curses of the Law found in Deuteronomy 27.^[1]
• A double amen ("amen and amen") occurs in Psalm 89 (Psalm 41:13; 72:19; 89:52), to confirm the words and invoke the fulfillment of them.^[20]
• The custom of closing prayers with amen originates in the Lord's Prayer at Matthew 6:13
• Amen occurs in several doxology formulas in Romans 1:25, 9:5, 11:36, 15:33, and several times in Chapter 16.^[1] It also appears in doxologies in the Pss (41:14; 72:19; 89:53; 106:48). This liturgical form from Judaism.^[21]
• It concludes all of Paul's general epistles.
• In Revelation 3:14, Jesus is referred to as, "the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of God's creation."
• Amen concludes the New Testament at Rev. 22:21.

[edit] Amen in Judaism

Jewish law requires an individual to say Amen in a variety of contexts.^[22]

Liturgically, amen is a communal response to be recited at certain points during the prayer service. It is recited communally to affirm a blessing made by the prayer reader. It is also mandated as a response during the kaddish doxology. The congregation is sometimes prompted to answer 'amen' by the terms ve-'imru (Hebrew: ואמרו‎) = "and [now] say (pl.)," or, ve-nomar (ונאמר) = "and let us say." Contemporary usage reflects ancient practice: As early as the 4th century BCE, Jews assembled in the Temple responded 'amen' at the close of a doxology or other prayer uttered by a priest. This Jewish liturgical use of amen was adopted by the Christians.^[19] But Jewish law also requires individuals to answer amen whenever they hear a blessing recited, even in a non-liturgical setting.

Jews usually pronounce the word as it is pronounced in Hebrew: /ɔːˈmeɪn/ aw-MAYN (Ashkenazi) or /ɑːˈmɛn/ ah-MEN (Sephardi).^[23]

[edit] Amen in Christianity

The use of "Amen" has been generally adopted in Christian worship as a concluding word for prayers and hymns and express strong agreements.

"Amen". Encyclopædia Britannica.. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.. 2008. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9006072/amen. Retrieved 2008-03-17. </ref> The liturgical use of the word in apostolic times is attested by the passage from 1 Corinthians cited above, and Justin Martyr (c. 150) describes the congregation as responding "amen," to the benediction after the celebration of the Eucharist.^[1] Its introduction into the baptismal formula (in the Greek Orthodox Church it is pronounced after the name of each person of the Trinity) is probably later. Among certain Gnostic sects Amen became the name of an angel.

In Isaiah 65:16, the authorized version has "the God of truth," ("the God of Amen," in Hebrew. Jesus often used Amen to put emphasis to his own words (translated: "verily"). In John's Gospel, it is repeated, "Verily, verily." Amen is also used in oath (Numbers 5:22; Deuteronomy 27:15-26; Nehemiah 5:13; 8:6; 1 Chronicles 16:36). "Amen" is further found at the end of the prayer of primitive churches (1 Corinthians 14:16).^[20]

In some Christian churches, the amen corner or amen section is any subset of the congregation likely to call out "Amen!" in response to points in a preacher's sermon. Metaphorically, the term can refer to any group of heartfelt traditionalists or supporters of an authority figure.

[edit] Amen in Islam

Muslims use the word "’Āmīn" (Arabic: آمين‎) not only after reciting the first surah (Al Fatiha) of the Qur'an, but also when concluding a prayer or dua, with the same meaning as in Christianity.^[24] The Islamic use of the word is the same as the Jewish use of the word.

In Arabic Āmīn simply means "so be it". To Muslims it is a reasonable end to any supplication. Aḥādith narrated from the prophet Muhammad suggesting that the he encouraged people to say it after supplications. There are also a great number of traditions which tell us that the prophet commanded the believers to say Ᾱmīn when the Imām completes reading sūrah Fātiḥah. He is reported to have said: Abū Hurayrah reported: The Messenger of Allah (sws) said: Say Ᾱmīn when the Imam says Amīn, for it anyone's utterance of Ᾱmīn synchronises with that of the angels, he will be forgiven his past sins. ^[25]

[edit] See also

• Selah
• Amun

[edit] References

'Astu' in Sanskrit, for citations refer http://vedabase.net

[edit] External links

Look up Amen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Saying Amen
• Video - Final use of amen in Hinduist ritual
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Amen
• Jewish Encyclopedia: Amen
• Encyclopedia Britannica: Amen
• The Laws of Responding Amen in Judaism chabad.org
• Strong's Concordance H543
• Strong's Concordance G281
• Tutankhamen - Amenism, Atenism and Egyptian Monotheism
• Britannica Student Encyclopedia

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