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Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (also known as "EC2") allows customers to rent computers on which to run their own computer applications. EC2 allows scalable deployment of applications by providing a web services interface through which a customer can create virtual machines, i.e. server instances, on which the customer can load any software of their choice. A customer can create, launch, and terminate server instances as needed, paying by the hour for active servers, hence the term "elastic". A customer can set up server instances in zones insulated from each other for most failure causes so that one may be a backup for the other and minimize down time.[1] Amazon.com provides EC2 as one of several web services marketed under the blanket term Amazon Web Services (AWS).
[edit] HistoryAmazon announced a limited public beta of EC2 on August 25, 2006.[2] Access to EC2 was granted on a first come first served basis. Amazon added two new instance types (Large and Extra-Large) on October 16, 2007.[3] On May 29, 2008, two more types were added, High-CPU Medium and High-CPU Extra Large.[4] There are currently five types of instances available. Amazon added three new features on March 27, 2008.[5] These features included static IP addresses, Availability Zones, and User Selectable Kernels. Amazon added Elastic Block Store (EBS) on August 20, 2008.[6] This provides persistent storage, a basic feature which had been lacking since the service was introduced. Amazon EC2 is in full production since it dropped the beta label on October 23, 2008. On the same day, Amazon announced the following features:[7] a service level agreement for EC2, Microsoft Windows in beta form on EC2, Microsoft SQL Server in beta form on EC2, plans for an AWS management console, and plans for load balancing, autoscaling, and cloud monitoring services.[7] These features were subsequently added on May 18, 2009.[8] [edit] Virtual machinesEC2 uses Xen virtualization. Each virtual machine, called an "instance", functions as a virtual private server in one of three sizes; small, large or extra large. Amazon.com sizes instances based on "EC2 Compute Units" — the equivalent CPU capacity of physical hardware. One EC2 Compute Unit equals 1.0-1.2 GHz 2007 Opteron or 2007 Xeon processor. The system offers the following instance types:
[edit] PricingAmazon primarily charges customers in two ways:
However there is additional charges for:
The hourly virtual machine rate is fixed, based on the capacity and features of the virtual machine. Amazon advertising describes the pricing scheme as "you pay for resources you consume," but defines resources such that an idle virtual machine is consuming resources, as opposed to other pricing schemes where one would pay for basic resources such as CPU time. Customers can easily create/reboot virtual machines. Shutdown is not available but you can terminate your instance and create another one later, although in this case you will lose data. Unless backed up on Amazon S3, or on their network attached storage service EBS. As of March 2009, Amazon's time charge is about $73/month for the smallest "On-Demand" virtual machine without Windows and twelve times that for the largest one running Windows. "Reserved" instances can go as low as $31/month for a three-year prepaid plan.[10] The data transfer charge ranges from $0.10 to $0.17 per gigabyte, depending on the direction and monthly volume. Amazon does not have monthly minimums or account maintenance charges. [edit] Operating systemsWhen it launched in August 2006, the EC2 service offered Linux and later Sun Microsystems' OpenSolaris and Solaris Express Community Edition. In October 2008, EC2 added the Windows Server 2003 operating system to the list of available operating systems.[11][12] Plans are in place for the Eucalyptus interface for the Amazon API to be packaged into the standard Ubuntu distribution. [edit] Persistent StorageAmazon.com provides persistent storage in the form of Elastic Block Storage (EBS). Users can set up and manage volumes of sizes from 1GB to 1TB. The servers can attach these instances of EBS to one server at a time in order to maintain data storage by the servers. Storage requirements can also be met by Amazon's Simple Storage Service (S3). [edit] Automated ScalingAmazon's Auto Scaling feature of EC2 allow you to automatically scale your Amazon EC2 capacity, both up and down. If traffic to your site spikes, Amazon Auto Scaling can automatically add more capacity to maintain performance. However, if your site traffic is low, Amazon Auto Scaling can ensure you don't have too much capacity, wasting money and resources. Amazon's Auto Scaling is well suited for sites that experience unpredictable traffic. Even if your site has consistent usage, Auto Scaling can help prevent down time from heavy traffic, due to being in the news. You can control costs by setting the minimum and maximum number of servers to run.
[edit] Elastic IP AddressesAmazon's Elastic IP Address feature is similar to static IP address in traditional data centers, with one key difference. A user can programmatically map an Elastic IP Address to any virtual machine instance without a network administrator's help and without having to wait for DNS to propagate the new binding. In this sense an Elastic IP Address belongs to the account and not to a virtual machine instance. It exists until it is explicitly removed. If you want to mask instance and Availability Zone failures from your users then you would want to buy an Elastic IP Address and automatically manage its mapping to instances. [edit] Amazon CloudWatchAmazon CloudWatch is a web service that provides real-time monitoring to Amazon's EC2 customers on their resource utilization such as CPU,disk, network and memory. The data is aggregated and provided through AWS management console. It can also be accessed through command line tools and web API's if the customer desires to monitor their EC2 resources through their enterprise monitoring software. The metrics collected by Amazon CloudWatch enables Auto Scaling feature to dynamically add or remove EC2 instances. The customers are charged by the number of monitoring instances. [edit] Reserved InstancesReserved instances enable EC2 service users to reserve an instance for one or three years. Although there is a fee associated with reserving an instance, the corresponding per hour rate charged by Amazon to operate the instance is much less than the rate charged for non-reserved instances. This lowers the overall cost of using the EC2 service. [edit] AbuseIn early July 2008 Outblaze and Spamhaus.org started to block Amazon's EC2 address-pool due to problems with the distribution of spam and malware.[13] [edit] References
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